Evaluating a weekly face-to-face informal discussion forum for final year medical students

Realising possible unmet needs of final year medical students we initiated a weekly informal face-toface discussion forum between them and the teaching faculty of the department of medicine. Various academic and non-academic topics, as dictated by the students, were discussed in 19 weekly sessions. Evaluation by the students was subsequently done by means of an on-line questionnaire after the final examinations. The aim of this study was to evaluate this forum, undertaken for the first time in our institution, by assessing student feedback. We conclude that although the number of attendees and responders were small, feedback was generally positive. This type of forum can be improved upon and serve as another portal for benefitting students.

Attenuation of stress-based ventricular contractility in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The maximal rate of change of pressure-normalised wall stress dσ*/dtmax has been proposed as cardiac index of left ventricular (LV) contractility. In this study, we assessed the capacity of dσ*/dtmax to diagnose heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF).</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>One hundred healthy normal controls and 140 patients admitted with heart failure (100, HFREF and 40, HFNEF) underwent echocardiography for stress-based contractility dσ*/dtmax. Patients with signifi cant valvular heart disease were excluded. Tissue Doppler indices were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>dσ*/dtmax was 4.43 ± 1.27 s-1 in control subjects; reduced in HFNEF, 3.02 ± 0.98 s-1; and HFREF, 2.00 ± 0.67 s-1 (P <0.001). In comparison with age- and sex-matched groups (n = 26 each), we found similar trend on reduction of dσ*/dtmax (normal control; 3.91 ± 0.87 s-1; HFNEF, 2.90 ± 0.84 s-1; HFREF, 1.84 ± 0.59 s-1, P <0.001). On multivariate analysis, dσ*/dtmax was found to be the independent predictor of HFNEF and HFREF. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) in detecting HFNEF compared with normal controls (dσ*/dtmax>3.2 s-1) was 0.84 (P <0.0001), and in detecting HFREF compared with HFNEF (dσ*/dtmax>2.32 s-1) was 0.88 (P <0.0001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This data confi rms that dσ*/dtmax on echocardiography is a powerful independent predictor in patients with HFNEF. In a population with a high suspicion of HFNEF, dσ*/dtmax may significantly contribute to early diagnosis and hence be useful in the triage and management of HFNEF patients.</p>

Framingham risk score inadequately predicts cardiac risk in young patients presenting with a first myocardial infarction

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a well-validated epidemiologic tool used to assess the risk for a fi rst cardiac event. Because young patients presenting with a fi rst myocardial infarction (MI) tend to have less significant risk profiles compared with older patients, we hypothesized that FRS may underestimate cardiac risk in these patients.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>We studied 1267 patients between January 2002 and November 2007 presenting with a fi rst MI. Patients with pre-existing diabetes mellitus and vascular disease were excluded. FRS was calculated for each patient. Patients were divided based on their age: group A (<40 years), group B (40 to 64 years) and group C (> or =65 years).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean age was 54.7 +/- 11 years, 88.4% of the patients were males. Younger patients were more likely to be assigned with lower scores. Based on FRS, 63.0%, 29.3% and 14.2% of group A, B and C patients were classified as low risk (10-year risk for cardiac events<10%) respectively, P <0.001. The sensitivity of FRS in identifying at least intermediate risk subjects (10-year risk for cardiac events >10%) was 37.0% in group A vs 85.8% in group C (P <0.001). The incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was higher in younger patients (12.0% vs 13.2% vs 7.1 % in groups A, B and C respectively, P = 0.027).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FRS inadequately predicts cardiac risk in young patients presenting with a fi rst MI. This could be because a significant proportion of these young patients have undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, a coronary artery disease risk equivalent.</p>

The impact of gender on the outcomes of invasive versus conservative management of patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Studies have suggested that women who present with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may differ in their clinical response to early invasive strategy compared to male patients. We examined the impact of gender difference in NSTEMI patients on outcomes following invasive versus conservative treatment.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Patients enrolled in our national myocardial infarction (MI) registry between January 2000 and September 2005 with diagnosis of NSTEMI were retrospectively analysed. The study endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the patients at 1 year.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 1353 patients (62.2% male) with NSTEMI were studied. The mean age of men was 62 +/- 14 versus 72 +/- 12 years in women in the cohort (P <0.001). The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly higher in women. Men were more likely to undergo revascularisation than women (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.18-3.89, P <0.001). Among those who were revascularised, there was no gender difference in survival or recurrent MI rates during hospitalisation and at 1 year. Compared to medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was associated with a significant reduction in MACE in both women (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20-0.95) and men (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 4.79-12.75). The most important predictor of MACE for females was diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.17-3.33).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There is a gender-based difference in the rate of revascularisation among patients with NSTEMI. Women benefit from an invasive approach as much as men, despite their advanced age, with similar rates of mortality and recurrent MI at 1-year follow-up.</p>