High prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in São Paulo City, Brazil / Alta prevalência de desordem neurocognitiva associada ao HIV (HAND) na Cidade de São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the subject of many studies, some of them reporting a prevalence of up to 50 percent. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with HIV neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients in São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive cross-sectional study including 106 HIV-1-infected patients, employing direct interview and neuropsychological tests, applied by trained neuro-psychologists with expertise in the tests. Other, similar assessment tools we used were Brief Neurocognitive Questionnaire, International HIV Dementia Scale, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Scale for People with HIV/Aids, Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Questionnaire, and a complex neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: We included 106 patients from May 2015 to April 2018. We found a high prevalence of HAND in our patients (45%), with 27.5% presenting asymptomatic neurological impairment (ANI) and 17.5% mild neurological dysfunction (MND); only one patient presented HIV-associated dementia (HAD) (0.9%). Women were more likely to have MND (52.9%) and the only case of HAD was also female. The high prevalence of neurocognitive disorders was independent of the immunological status, use of efavirenz, or virological control. CONCLUSIONS: This study may mirror the national and international scenarios, showing a high prevalence of HAND (45%) and the prevalence of some risk factors, in special among women

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças neurocognitivas associadas ao HIV (HAND), são o assunto de muitos estudos, alguns deles relatando uma prevalência de até 50 por cento. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos distúrbios neurocognitivos do HIV (HAND) em uma coorte de pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal descritivo incluindo 106 pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1, utilizando entrevista direta e testes neuropsicológicos, aplicados por neuropsicólogos treinados com experiência nos testes. Foram utilizados também: Questionário Neurocognitivo Breve, Escala Internacional de Demência do HIV, Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária de Lawton, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, Escala de Apoio Social para Pessoas com HIV / Aids, Avaliação da Adesão à Terapia Antiretroviral Questionário e uma bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica complexa. RESULTADOS: Foram avalaidos 106 pacientes de maio de 2015 a abril de 2018. Foi observado uma alta prevalência de HAND em nossos pacientes (45%), com 27,5% apresentando comprometimento neurológico assintomático (ANI) e 17,5% comprometimento cognitive leve (MND); apenas um paciente apresentou demência associada ao HIV (DAH) (0,9%). As mulheres eram mais propensas a ter MND (52,9%) e o único caso de HAD também era do sexo feminino. A alta prevalência de distúrbios neurocognitivos foi independente do estado imunológico, uso de efavirenz ou controle virológico. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo pode espelhar o cenário nacional e internacional, mostrando uma alta prevalência de HAND (45%) e a prevalência de alguns fatores de risco, em especial entre as mulheres

Developmental Stuttering Screening Instrument: evidence of sensitivity and accuracy measures

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the sensitivity and accuracy measures of the Developmental Stuttering Screening Instrument (DSSI). Methods: the DSSI was administered to 30 parents/guardians of children aged 2 to 5 years and 11 months with and without complaint of stuttering. The instrument administration was timed. The sensitivity analysis used the Weight of Evidence (WoE) binary classification model to verify the strength level of the items. The cutoff scores were established with grouping analysis with the k-means cluster method, based on the minimum and maximum values of each identified group's scores. The data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical software (version 20.0) and were considered significant with p ≤ 0.05. Results: the interviews lasted an overall mean of 17 minutes. The WoE model revealed that the items with the greatest predictive strength for risk of stuttering were the social reaction to their speech, the physical concomitants, and the comprehension of the child's speech. The correspondence analysis showed a strong association between "having complaints" and "high total score", as well as between "not having complaints" and "low total score", indicating that the parents' complaints are a factor that leads to high scores in the instrument. "Sex" had little predictive effect for risk. The grouping analysis enabled the stratification of subjects into three risk levels: "not at risk", "under observation", and "at risk". Conclusion: the instrument presented the first evidence of sensitivity and accuracy measures, thus, making the identification of risk of developmental stuttering in preschoolers, possible.

Developmental Stuttering Screening Instrument: development and content validation / Instrumento de Rastreio para a Gagueira do Desenvolvimento: elaboração e validação de conteúdo

ABSTRACT Purpose: to develop a screening instrument to identify the risk of developmental stuttering in preschoolers. Methods: the procedures were divided into two stages: The first one (theoretical), consisted of the literature review and the construction of the items that make up the instrument; the second stage (content validation), consisted of the analysis of the instrument by a judging committee formed by 10 speech-language-hearing therapists who work in the field of fluency. The data analysis was based on the calculation of the item content validity index (I-CVI) and the total number of answers (T-CVI). Also, an item reliability analysis was conducted with Cronbach's alpha. Results: the Developmental Stuttering Screening Instrument (DSSI) encompassed 24 items distributed into four key categories. The I-CVI and T-CVI revealed a high agreement between the judges. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated a high internal consistency between the judges' answers in 19 of the 24 items. The qualitative analysis pointed to the need for new adjustments. All the analyses contributed to the construction of the second version of the instrument. Conclusion: the proposed instrument showed content-based validity evidence that made it possible, up to the present moment, to adjust it to its construct. It is suggested that the validation process continue, employing new accuracy measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: elaborar um instrumento de rastreio com fins de identificação do risco para gagueira do desenvolvimento em crianças pré-escolares. Métodos: os procedimentos foram divididos em duas etapas: A primeira etapa - teórica, consistiu na revisão da literatura e a construção dos itens que compõe o instrumento; A segunda etapa - validação de conteúdo, consistiu da análise do instrumento por um comitê de juízes composto por 10 fonoaudiólogas atuantes na área da Fluência. Para análise dos dados foi calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo por item (IVC-I) e pelo total de respostas (IVC-T), bem como realizada uma análise da confiabilidade dos itens por meio do alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: o Instrumento de Rastreio para a Gagueira do Desenvolvimento (IRGD) foi composto por 24 itens distribuídos em quatro categorias-chaves. Os índices IVC-I e IVC-T evidenciaram alta concordância entre os juízes. Os coeficientes do alfa de Cronbach indicaram alta consistência interna entre as respostas dos juízes em 19 dos 24 itens. A análise qualitativa destacou a necessidade de novos ajustes. Todas as análises possibilitaram a construção da segunda versão do instrumento. Conclusão: o instrumento proposto mostrou evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo que permitiram, até o momento, ajustá-lo em relação ao seu construto. Sugere-se a continuidade do processo de validação por meio do emprego de novas medidas de acurácia.

Intestinal parasitic infections in a lowincome urban community: prevalence and knowledge, attitudes and practices of inhabitants of Parque Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are present in Brazil from upper-to low-income communities, with varying infection estimates; however, they affect those living in urban and rural poverty more severely, without adequate access to consistently safe drinking water, sanitation, waste disposal, medical access and education. Estimates show the need for establishing infection prevalence and socioeconomic features, along with population knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding IPIs. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and KAP regarding IPIs of residents of an urban low-income community (Parque Oswaldo Cruz/Amorim) of the Complexo de Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Lutz sedimentation technique was used for parasite detection (n=1,121) and, to obtain data on community KAP regarding IPIs, a KAP survey, adapted from Mello et al. was applied (n=505). An overall prevalence of 20.7% was detected with protozoa composing 92.9% (n=235) of the positive samples. Questionnaires revealed generally correct knowledge but with several inconsistencies, unawareness of the association between the etiological agent and the disease, and uncertainty regarding own knowledge of the subject. The population understood the importance of prevention and was willing to utilize prevention strategies despite being unsure of how to prevent infection. Further studies are required to investigate best practices for improving health equity, community health empowerment and IPIs prevention in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.