Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi TcII and TcI in free-ranging population of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp): an 11-year follow-up

Here, we present a review of the dataset resulting from the 11-years follow-up of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in free-ranging populations of Leontopithecus rosalia (golden lion tamarin) and Leontopithecus chrysomelas (golden-headed lion tamarin) from distinct forest fragments in Atlantic Coastal Rainforest. Additionally, we present new data regarding T. cruzi infection of small mammals (rodents and marsupials) that live in the same areas as golden lion tamarins and characterisation at discrete typing unit (DTU) level of 77 of these isolates. DTU TcII was found to exclusively infect primates, while TcI infected Didelphis aurita and lion tamarins. The majority of T. cruzi isolates derived from L. rosalia were shown to be TcII (33 out 42) Nine T. cruzi isolates displayed a TcI profile. Golden-headed lion tamarins demonstrated to be excellent reservoirs of TcII, as 24 of 26 T. cruzi isolates exhibited the TcII profile. We concluded the following: (i) the transmission cycle of T. cruzi in a same host species and forest fragment is modified over time, (ii) the infectivity competence of the golden lion tamarin population fluctuates in waves that peak every other year and (iii) both golden and golden-headed lion tamarins are able to maintain long-lasting infections by TcII and TcI.

Diversidade de Trypanosoma cruzi TcI e TcII nos biomas brasileiros / Diversity and populational estructure of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI and TcII in Brazilian

A Tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) é uma antigazoonose amplamente distribuída do Sul dos Estados Unidos ao Sul da Argentina. [...] T. cruzi é subdividido em seteunidades discretas de tipagem (Discrete Typing Unit - DTU), TcI a TcVI e uma recentementereconhecida, TcBat. [...] TcI é o mais disperso ao longo de toda área de distribuição do parasita inclusive os biomas brasileiros. Analisamos a diversidade de TcI, originado de cinco biomas,exceto do Pampa, com a abordagem MLMT (Multilocus Microsatellite Typing). Foram caracterizados 107 isolados de TcI originados de 29 espécies de mamíferos silvestres evetores usando vinte e sete loci nucleares de microssatélites e dez loci mitocondriais. Nós comparamos esses dados com isolados TcI de toda a América. A diversidade genética foi alta entre os isolados desse estudo além de se evidenciar um novo clado que se destacou de todadiversidade genética conhecida de TcI nas Américas. Detectamos introgressão mitocondrialocorrendo através do intercâmbio genético entre a Amazônia e a Caatinga. Observamossimilaridades genéticas entre isolados da Mata Atlântica com isolados de todos os outrosbiomas analisados...

The Trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma cruzi ( Kinetoplastida , Trypanosomatidae ) is anancient zoonosis widely distributed in the southern United States to southern Argentina. [...]T. cruzi is divided into seven discrete typing units(DTU), TcI the TcVI and a recently recognized, TcBat. [...] TcI is more dispersed throughout thedistribution area of parasite including Brazilian biomes. We analyze the diversity of TcI,originated five biomes except the Pampa, with MLMT approach (Multilocus MicrosatelliteTyping ). 107 isolates were characterized TcI originated from 29 species of wild mammalsand vectors using twenty-seven nuclear microsatellite loci and ten mitochondrial loci. Wecompare these data with TcI isolates across Americas. Genetic diversity was high among theisolates in this study in addition to evidence of a new clade that stood out from all known TcIgenetic diversity in the Americas. We detected mitochondrial introgression occurring throughgenetic exchange between the Amazon and the Caatinga. Observed genetic similarities amongisolates of the Atlantic Forest with isolates of all other biomes analyzed. The fragmentation ofgenetic diversity of TcI the Atlantic populations may reflect the fragmentation pattern of thisbiome. We suggest that the diversity of T. cruzi I can serve as a sentinel ecosystemconservation. The second most isolated DTU in the wild environment in Brazil is TCII. Thedistribution pattern of TCII and hybrid DTUs TCV and TcVI in nature and their geneticdiversity are some of the many gaps in the knowledge of T. cruzi, including the supposedabsence of these DTUs on Amazon...