Effectiveness of cochlear implantation in children with auditory neuropathy and cochlear nerve aplasia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study is to assess of cochlear implantation in children with auditory neuropathy and cochlear nerve aplasia by using Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty one children with cochlear implants participated in this study. They all received cochlear implant surgery at our hospital from January 2004 to October 2010. All children had hearing aid trial and hearing and speech rehabilitation before surgery at least three months.Nine children (7 male, 2 female) were diagnosed with auditory neuropathy, twelve (7 male, 5 female) with cochlear nerve aplasia. Twenty children (10 male, 10 female) with sensorineural hearing loss served as a control group. All the children received cochlear implant for more than six months. Forty two children with normal hearing served as another control group which were divided into three subgroups according to their age.Group A included 18 children aged under two yrs, group B consisted of 16 children aged from two to four yrs and group C comprised eight children aged above four yrs. CAP and SIR were used to evaluate among all the children and the scores were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The CAP scores of children with auditory neuropathy, cochlear nerve aplasia, sensorial neural hearing loss and the three subgroups children with normal hearing were 4.44 ± 1.50, 4.83 ± 1.69, 4.55 ± 1.66, 5.22 ± 1.11, 6.75 ± 0.45 and 7.00 ± 0.00 respectively, and SIR scores were 2.66 ± 1.11, 2.33 ± 1.15, 2.40 ± 0.75, 2.56 ± 1.04, 4.12 ± 0.81 and 5.00 ± 0.00 respectively. There were significant differences among the six groups for CAP scores(χ(2) = 35.481, P < 0.001) and SIR scores(χ(2) = 40.549, P < 0.001).No significant differences for CAP and SIR scores were observed between children with auditory neuropathy/cochlear nerve aplasia and sensorial neural hearing loss as well as group A (P > 0.05 for each), and there were significant differences were shown between children with auditory neuropathy/cochlear nerve aplasia and group B as well as group C (P < 0.01 for each aplasia).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The auditory and speech capabilities of children with auditory neuropathy and cochlear nerve deficiency can can get benefits from cochlear implants as children with sensorineural hearing loss, however not achieve the level of those with normal hearing after cochlear implantation. The long term effects still need follow-up and evaluation.</p>

Vibrant soundbridge implantation (two cases report) / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) implantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In accordance with the indications for VSB implantation, surgeries were done for two patients who suffered from either a sensorineural or conductive hearing loss (microtia). Their preoperative auditory thresholds (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz) were 56 dB HL and 61 dB HL. The VSB was turned on and adjusted seven weeks after surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Postoperative auditory thresholds of the two patients were improved. Their pure tone thresholds were 32 dB HL and 40 dB HL, and the respective improvement was 24 dB HL and 21 dB HL. There was no facial paralysis, vertigo and tinnitus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with a sensorineural or conductive hearing loss may benefit from VSB implantation.</p>

Comparison of sensitivity of audiological tests to identify otitis media with effusion in newborn infants / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sensitive factors which were used in routine audiological tests to find out otitis media with effusion (OME) in newborn infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Subjects of this study were 48 infants, including 31 males and 17 females, who failed in the universal newborn hearing screening. The age ranged from 1.5 to 12 months with the average age of 4.3 months. All subjects accepted temporal bone CT and routine audiological assessments, including air-conduction and bone-conduction auditory brainstem response (ABR), 40 Hz-auditory event related potential (40 Hz-AERP), distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), acoustic reflex, tympanometries using 226 Hz and 1000 Hz probe tone. Nine factors were statistically analyzed using Kappa test, Univariate chi(2) test and multivariate condition Logistic stepwise regression analysis, which included the results of acoustic immittance, the air-conduction and bone-conduction ABR thresholds, the difference between air-conduction and bone-conduction ABR thresholds, the latency of ABR wave I, duration between ABR wave I and V, 40 Hz-AERP thresholds, amplitudes and thresholds of DPOAE, and acoustic reflex thresholds (ART).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy-seven ears were diagnosed with OME, and 19 ears were normal. CT scan of temporal bone was set as a comparative standard. Kappa test indicated that the results of tympanometry with 1000 Hz probe tone (Kappa = 0.745, P < 0.001), the air-conduction ABR threshold (Kappa = 0.453, P < 0.001), the latency of ABR wave I (Kappa = 0.430, P < 0.001), the threshold of 40 Hz-AERP (Kappa = 0.582, P < 0.001), and DPOAE (Kappa = 0.495, P < 0.001) had agreement with the results of temporal bone CT on evaluating the function of middle ear. Univariate analysis indicated that sensitive factors of middle ear function in newborn infants were tympanometry with 1000 Hz probe tone (P < 0.001), ART (P < 0.001), the air-conduction ABR threshold (P < 0.001), the difference between air-conduction and bone-conduction ABR thresholds (P < 0.001), the latency of ABR wave I (P < 0.001), the threshold of 40 Hz-AERP (P < 0.001) and DPOAE (P < 0.001). And multivariate conditional Logistic stepwise regression model showed that tympanometry with 1000 Hz probe tone (P < 0.001) and 40 Hz-AERP threshold (P = 0.004) can be substituted into Logistic stepwise regression equation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Tympanometry with 1000 Hz probe tone and are sensitive factors to find out OME in newborn infants. The air conduction ABR threshold, ABR wave I latency, 40 Hz-AERP threshold and DPOAE could reflect the middle ear function of newborn infants effectively.</p>

Outcome of cochlear implantation in prelingual pediatric auditory neuropathy / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the electrophysiological results and rehabilitation outcome of two prelingually deafened pediatric cochlear implant patients with auditory neuropathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Preoperative audiological evaluation, intra-postoperative electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) and neural response telemetry (NRT) record for the two cases were conducted in Beijing Tongren Hospital. A one year follow-up was performed. Data collected before and at 6,12-month intervals after implantation were compared with that from control pediatric cochlear implant patients matched for the same duration of implant use as this two cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The two children implanted had not had any postoperative medical or cochlear implant device complications. Intraoperative EABR and NRT were elicited in case 1 with unrepeatable waveforms. After 12 months of training, Case 1 had shown significant improvements in sound detection, speech perception abilities and communication skills, which was better than the control group, and the electrophysiological results became normal. Case 2 had also benefited from cochlear implantation, even though no recognizable NRT was found until he returned 12 month after the operation. CONTUSIONS: The desynchronization of auditory path had been changed after the electrical stimulation ongoing 12 months for children with auditory neuropathy. The two children had not had any complications postoperatively, and each child had shown improved listening and communication skills. Cochlear implantation could help patients with auditory neuropathy to improve their communication skill and go back to the main stream.</p>

Cochlear implantation in the ossified cochlear / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the problems and describe clinical experiences associated with multichannel cochlear implantation in patients with cochlear ossification.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven cochlear implant cases with bilateral cochlear ossification from 1996 to 2006 in Beijing Tongren Hospital were retrospectively reviewed, 4 of which were the consequence of meningitis. Three patients' cochlear were completely ossified, 1 patient's tympanic scala was completely ossified, 1 patient's cochlear was partially ossified, and 2 patients' cochlear were partially fibrotic. This article addressed the components of the preoperative evaluation, surgical decision-making, and specific techniques for cochlear implant array insertion in all kinds of ossified cochlea.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Gusher was found in 1 case but less serious than that with inner ear malformations. The electrodes were inserted in the cochleostomy in full length in 4 cases, 1 case gave up, and the cochlear implant array were partially inserted in the remains. No serious complications occurred after implantation. All patients had auditory sensations. The impedance of the electrodes, the T level, C level and the hearing threshold were slightly higher than that of the normal cochlear implantation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The key influencing factor of ossified cochlear patients were the degree of the disease and whether the electrode implanted completely or not. So, the profound sensorineural hearing loss patients after meningitis should be paid more attention. Patients with ossified cochlear could be benefit from cochlear implantation.</p>

Auditory capability evaluation for children after cochlear implantation using meaningful auditory integration scale / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the auditory capability of preschool children before and after cochlear implantation using meaningful auditory integration scale (MAIS) questionnaire.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-two prelingually deaf patients participated in this study. They received a cochlear implant at the age of 3 to 6 years and 11 months. The audiologists who were trained for the research used the MAIS questionnaire. Audiologists asked for the parents' answers and recorded all the information about the device using (Q1,2) and the patient's spontaneous auditory behavioural responses including spontaneous alerting to sound Q3 approximately 6 and deriving meaning from sound (Q7 approximately 10). The evaluation was performed before operation and 1 , 3, 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2 years after switch-on.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The scores of question 1a and 1b were not significantly different among the different periods after switch-on. The scores of question 2 to 10 were significantly different among the different periods after switch-on.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Considerable variability across subjects' auditory ability after cochlear implantation was noted. Most of the patients showed no consistent response to sound in everyday life before implantation. After cochlear implantation, a significant increase in auditory capability occurred. The children demonstrated faster development of device using relative to spontaneous alerting to sound and deriving meaning from sound.</p>

Follow-up study for newborns and infants who failed hearing screening / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the audiological characteristics of newborns and infants who failed hearing screening.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and six infants failed hearing screening received follow-up study with routine audiological evaluations (auditory brainstem response, distortion product otoacoustic emission, tympanometry and visual reinforcement audiometry).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sixty-five infants (61.3%) of this group were normal hearing subjects and 39(36. 8% ) of the infants had hearing loss. Two cases (1.9%) received follow-up by phone. Fifteen cases (14.2%) with conductive hearing loss and 24 cases (22.6%) with sensorineural hearing loss. Thirteen (12.3%), 14 (13.2%), 6 (5.7%), and 6 (5.7%) cases were found to be mild, moderate, severe and profound hearing loss respectively. Diagnosis of hearing loss in the thirty-nine infants conducted a prevalence of 0.264% (39/14 785) of congenital hearing loss (both binaural and monaural). The hearing level of those cases with severe and profound hearing loss basically did not change, but that of cases with mild and moderate hearing loss changed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Early identification and intervention of infants with severe and profound hearing loss by 6 months of age were successful. Infants with mild and moderate hearing loss should be followed up to six or eight months and received routine audiologic evaluations.</p>