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Objective: In this study, black tea and Citrus maxima (BT-CM), yellow tea and C. maxima (YT-CM), green tea and C. maxima (GT-CM) as subjects, the active ingredient content and antioxidant activity of three tea and C. maxima (T-CM) were analyzed. The effects of three T-CMs on apoptosis of liver cells in vitro and its mechanism were further explored. Methods: National standard method and HPLC were used for active ingredient analysis. MTT, cell flow cytometry and Western blot were used to analyze the effects of three T-CMs on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and its underlying molecular mechanism. Results: The content of tea polyphenols, free amino acids, ratio of polyphenols and amino acids, ester catechins, non-ester catechins and caffeine in YT-CM and GT-CM was significantly higher than that of BT-CM. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of YT-CM and GT-CM was also significantly stronger than that of BT-CM. Three T-CMs had the effects of inhibiting proliferation, arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in HepG2 and Bel7402 cells, especially YT-CM and GT-CM. Western blot analysis showed three T-CMs activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and regulated the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3/9. YT-CM and GT-CM had better ability to change the signal pathway than BT-CM. Conclusion: In short, T-CMs, which combined different degrees of fermentation tea with C. maxima, were rich in nutrients and biologically active substances. T-CMs, especially YT-CM and GT-CM, are healthy drinks that help to prevent and treat liver cancer.
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Objective@#To investigate the genetic characteristics of human norovirus (NoV) among infants under 5 years of age with diarrhea in Chaoyang District, Beijing from 2011 to 2017.@*Methods@#NoV-positive stool samples were collected from 2011 to 2017 in this region. The partial RdRp and VP1 genes were amplified and sequenced. Multi-sequence alignment was performed and phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega software.@*Results@#A total of 151 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The ratio of male and female was 2.28∶1 with mean age of 1.72 years. Fourteen NoV subtypes were detected, including GII.Pe/GII.4 (47.68%), GII.P12/GII.3 (20.53%), GII.P4/GII.4 (17.22%), GII.P16/GII.2 (3.31%), GII.P12/GII.12 (1.99%), GII.P17/GII.17 (1.99%), GII.P16/GII.13 (1.32%), GII.P7/GII.7 (1.32%), GII.P7/GII.6 (1.32%), GII.P2/GII.2 (0.66%), GII.P21/GII.21 (0.66%), GII.Pg/GII.12 (0.66%), GI.Pa/GI.3 (0.66%) and GI.P6/GI.6 (0.66%).@*Conclusions@#NoV genetic diversity was found among infants under 5 with diarrhea in Chaoyang district, Beijing. The subtypes from surveillance and those from epidemics occurred in chronological order. The surveillance should be strengthened for early detection of new subtype for monitoring the epidemic and vaccine design.
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Objective To analyze the antimicrobial resistance, distribution of resistance genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec ( SCCmec) in 99 strains of mecA gene-positive Staphylococcus epi-dermidis strains isolated from early pregnancy cervical swabs and external environment in Beijing Chaoyang District from 2015 to 2016. Methods Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was performed to detect the sus-ceptibility of the 99 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains to cefoxitin. Microbroth dilution method was used to test their susceptibility to vancomycin, daptomycin, penicillin, erythromycin, compound sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. PCR was used to detect drug re-sistance genes of ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, norA1, norA2, sul1, sul2, sul3, aac(6')/aph(2″), ant(4', 4″), ant(6) and tetM and to analyze the SCCmec types ofⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳa, Ⅳb, Ⅳc, Ⅳd and Ⅴ. The results were compared with those of capillary electrophoresis. SPSS was used for data analysis. Results All of the 99 mecA-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were sensitive to vancomycin and 93. 94％ of them were sensitive to datomycin. The resistance rates to penicillin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, compound sulfame-thoxazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol were 97. 98％, 85. 86％, 79. 80％, 52. 54％, 27. 27％, 43. 43％, 36. 36％, 23. 23％ and 11. 11％. The strains that car-ried the genes of norA1, norA2, ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, sul1, sul2, sul3, aac(6')/aph(2″), ant(4', 4″), ant(6) and tetM accounted for 100％, 93. 94％, 0. 00％, 3. 03％, 17. 17％, 57. 58％, 50. 51％, 12. 12％, 4. 04％, 30. 30％, 8. 08％, 4. 04％ and 25. 26％, respectively. Among the 99 strains, 5. 05％, 0％, 43. 43％, 10. 10％, 0. 00％, 3. 03％, 3. 03％ and 19. 19％ belonged to SCCmecⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳa,Ⅳb,Ⅳc,Ⅳd andⅤ, respectively, and 4. 04％ (4/99) were positive to two SCCmec types. The types of 12. 12％ (12/99) of the strains were unidentified. Conclusions All of the 99 strains of mecA-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to vancomycin. Among them, the strains carrying multidrug resist-ance genes accounted for 89. 90％. The main mechanisms of resistance to macrolides, sulfonamides and ami-noglycosides in local strains were related to the resistance genes of msrA, sul1 and aac ( 6')/aph ( 2″) . SCCmec Ⅲ was the prevalent type. There were 88. 37％ of SCCmec Ⅲ type strains and 75％ of unknown type strains carrying multiple resistance genes. Apart from that, the isolated strains of other SCCmecⅢtypes all carried multiple resistance genes.
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Objective@#To investigate the genetic characteristics of human adenovirus (AdV) among infants with diarrhea in Chaoyang district, Beijing from 2011 to 2017.@*Methods@#Adenovirus positive stool samples were collected from 2011 to 2017 in Chaoyang District of Beijing. The hexon region genes of human adenovirus were sequenced. Multi-sequence alignments were performed and phylogenetic tree was constructed by Mega software.@*Results@#A total of 64 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The ratio of male to female was 11∶5. The mean age was 1.56 years. Among them, AdV41 accounted for 70.31%, followed by AdV31 (26.25%), AdV40 (4.69%), AdV1 (3.13%), AdV5 (3.13%), AdV6 (3.13%), AdV7 (3.13%), AdV2 (1.56%), AdV3 (1.56%), AdV4 (1.56%) and AdV61 (1.56%).@*Conclusions@#Human adenovirus may play an important role in viral diarrhea in Chaoyang district from 2011 to 2017. The current adenovirus epidemic is complex and AdV41 was the dominant strain in this region.