RESUMO
Humans are exposed to the ubiquitous radiofrequency (RF, 100 kHz-300 GHz) electromagnetic fields because of the mushroom development of wireless communications,raising concerns over the possible hazards of RF radiations.Epidemiological investigation has showed that chronic use of cellphones increases the risk of brain tumors.Since genetic damage is closely related to tumors, researchers have been trying to find out whether cellphones and other RF devices are genotoxic.However, the investigations have yielded both negative and positive results.This review summarized the recent in vitro and in vivo researches about genotoxicity of RF radiations and proposed a possible mechanism by which of RF radiations cause genetic damage.
RESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the safety of haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine vaccination on vastus lateralis muscle and deltoid muscle of infant.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 408 3-4 months old infants were divided into vastus lateralis muscle group and deltoid muscle group in Beijing, 2014. They were divided into the vastus lateralis muscle group (204) and deltoid muscle group (204) by extracting random number. Each observation object was given 3 doses of Hib vaccine according to the program. Collected systemic and local reactions after vaccination and calculated the incidence of adverse reactions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 61 infants were quitted during the study, 1 132 doses were observed. The total reactions incidence of Vastus lateralis muscle group and Deltoid muscle group were 33.0% (186/564) and 27.6% (157/568) with no statistical differences (χ² = 3.818, P = 0.059). The two groups incidence at the same day of vaccination (day 0) which the highest were 23.2% (131/564) and 20.6% (117/568), then declined with time (linear trend test vastus lateralis muscle group χ² = 36.600, P < 0.001,deltoid muscle group χ² = 29.947, P < 0.001), day 1 were 20.4% (115/564) and 17.6% (100/568), day 2 were 16.0% (90/564) and 13.4% (76/568), day 3 were 10.3% (58/564) and 10.6% (60/568), day 4-7 were 11.2% (63/564) and 11.3% (64/568). No serious adverse events (SAE) were reported during the study. The local reactions incidence of two groups were 7.1% (40/564) and 7.7% (44/568)with no statistical differences (χ² = 0.176, P = 0.675). The systemic reactions incidence of two groups were 25.9% (146/564) and 20.6% (117/568) with obvious statistical differences (χ² = 4.437, P = 0.035). The fever incidence of vastus lateralis muscle group (11.5% (65/564)) was higher than Deltoid muscle group (4.4% (25/568)) with obvious statistical differences (χ² = 4.868, P = 0.027). The 1st dose incidence of fever and abnormal crying of vastus lateralis muscle group (fever 11.3% (23/204), abnormal crying 19.1% (39/204)) was higher than deltoid muscle group (fever 4.4% (9/204), abnormal crying 11.8% (24/204)) and the 2nd dose of diarrhea of deltoid muscle group (11.6% (22/190)) was higher than vastus lateralis muscle group (5.9% (11/187)) with obvious statistical differences (fever χ² = 15.288, P < 0.001, abnormal crying χ² = 4.224, P = 0.040, diarrhea χ² = 3.829, P = 0.046).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both vastus lateralis muscle group and deltoid muscle group had lower incidence of adverse reactions after vaccination. No serious adverse events were associated with vaccination. Vastus lateralis muscle vaccination as well as deltoid muscle vaccination demonstrated safe.</p>