Study on drying methods and harvesting time of Gynura divaricata leaf based on main active constituents / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To determ ine the contents of main active constituents in Gynura divaricata leaf with different drying methods and at different harvesting time ，so as to confirm the best drying method and harvesting time. METHODS G. divaricata leaf with different drying methods [drying in the shade ，drying in the sun ，oven drying （60℃，70℃，80℃），microwave drying and freeze drying] and different harvesting time （March to October ）were prepared. The content of water-soluble extract was determined by hot dip method. The contents of total flavonoids and polysaccharides were determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The content of astragalin was determined by HPLC. Analytic hierarchy process was used for comprehensive analysis. RESULTS The time of drying in the shade ，drying in the sun ，drying at 60 ℃，drying at 70 ℃，drying at 80 ℃， microwave drying and freeze drying were 7 d，5 d，8 h，5 h，3.5 h，6 min and 1 d respectively. The average contents of water-soluble extract in G. divaricata leaf were 55.98％，60.78％，52.33％，49.54％，46.87％，59.70％ and 58.24％；those of total flavonoids were 3.27％，3.22％，1.99％，1.70％，1.31％，3.92％ and 2.28％；those of polysaccharides were 4.70％，6.09％， 6.48％，5.45％，5.74％，5.76％ and 7.15％；those of astragalin were 0.48％，0.46％，0.24％，0.23％，0.20％，0.48％，0.29％. The comprehensive score of microwave drying was the highest ，being 0.996 3. The average contents of water-soluble extract from March to October were 41.50％，40.57％，39.16％，40.65％，40.68％，43.30％，45.19％ and 40.12％；those of total flavonoids were 2.24％，2.81％，3.87％，3.92％，3.82％，3.93％，3.66％ and 3.25％；those of polysaccharides were 4.41％，4.61％， 4.98％，5.26％，5.75％，5.94％，5.32％ and 4.47％；those of astragalin were 0.20％，0.21％，0.25％，0.26％，0.25％，0.24％， 0.25％ and 0.21％，respectively. The comprehensive scores of samples collected from May to September exceeded 0.92，and the comprehensive score in August was the highest （0.988 6）. CONCLUSIONS Microwave-dried Gynura divaricata leaf has the best quality ，and the best harvesting time is from May to September.

Research progress in immunology of ankylosing spondylitis / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the sacroiliac joints and the spinal attachment point and is the most common type of spondyloarthritis (SpA). The pathogenesis of AS is related to both the immune system and the skeletal system. The main pathological changes include enthesitis, osteogenesis changes, osteolytic bone destruction, and immune system changes. Bone cells interact with immune cells, secrete a series of inflammatory factors, and jointly regulate the pathogenesis of AS. The imbalance of various immune cells in AS and the changes in inflammatory cytokines lead to a disorder of bone metabolism. At the same time, the osteocytes express various inflammatory cytokines, which leads to an imbalance of the immune system. The interaction between the immune system and the skeletal system has become a hot spot in the pathogenesis of AS. Understanding the bone immunological mechanism of AS will help to understand the exact pathogenesis of the disease and explore new treatment methods for it. In this review, the changes of various immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in AS and their effects on the skeletal system, as well as the changes of various osteocytes in the skeletal system and their effects on the immune system, were reviewed, and the latest progress in the treatment of AS was summarized.

Regulatory effects of plant polysaccharides on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs): progress and perspectives / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

With the appearance of the disadvantages of traditional tumor treatment, immunotherapy has entered people′s horizons as modern emerging treatment strategies, among which plant polysaccharides have received much more attention due to their antitumor activity and significant immunomodulatory effects. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), as a component of tumor microenvironment, are important factors affecting tumors, and the regulation of TAMs by plant polysaccharides is one of the effective immunotherapy to treat tumor. In this review, we mainly described the regulation of TAMs by plant polysaccharides and the underlying mechanisms, and then gave an outlook on the research interests and the development of plant polysaccharides as immune adjuvants, aiming to provide reference for the study of plant polysaccharides in the immunotherapy for tumors.