Ontogeny of digestive enzymes in larvae of the Clown Anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris (Perciformes: Pomacentridae)

Introduction: The Clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) is the most popular fish species in the marine aquarium trade; however, there is a lack of information on their digestive physiology during larval ontogeny, valuable information needed for diet design and management protocols. Objective: To characterize the early digestive enzymes of A. ocellaris larvae. Methods: We used three pools (10 larvae each) and extracted 10 samples per tank, from just before hatching to the 38th day. We analyzed the specific activity of acid and alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase and lipase; and did acid and alkaline protease zymograms. Results: We detected all measured enzymes at hatching. Acid proteases increased in activity until the 38th day. Alkaline proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase had the same pattern, and maximum activity on the 8th day, decreasing at the 38th day. Lipase activity peaked on the 8th and 30th day. The acid zymogram had a single band, appearing on the 8th day. A total of eight alkaline proteases were revealed (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 and 25.1 KDa), with seven bands on the 1st day and all bands from the 3rd to 8th day, decreasing at two bands (41.9 and 25.1 KDa) in the 38th day. Conclusion: A. ocellaris has a functional stomach on the 8th day, and, on the 38th day, a digestive omnivore pattern with a tendency to carnivory.

Introducción: El pez payaso (Amphiprion ocellaris) es la especie de pez más popular en el comercio de acuarios marinos; sin embargo, falta información sobre su fisiología digestiva durante la ontogenia larval, información valiosa necesaria para protocolos de diseño y manejo dietético. Objetivo: Caracterizar las enzimas digestivas tempranas de larvas de A. ocellaris. Métodos: Usamos tres homogenados (con 10 larvas cada uno) y extrajimos 10 muestras por tanque, justo antes de la eclosión hasta el día 38. Analizamos la actividad específica de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, leucina aminopeptidasa y lipasa; e hicimos zimogramas de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas. Resultados: Detectamos todas las enzimas medidas en la eclosión. La actividad de proteasas ácidas incrementó hasta el día 38. Proteasas alcalinas, tripsina, quimotripsina, y leucina aminopeptidasa tuvieron el mismo patrón, con actividad máxima en el octavo día, decreciendo en el día 38. Hubo picos en la actividad lipasa a los ocho y 30 días. El zimograma ácido tuvo una banda única, apareciendo al octavo día. Se hallaron ocho proteasas alcalinas (154.2, 128.1, 104.0, 59.8, 53.5, 41.9, 36.5 y 25.1 KDa), con siete bandas al primer día, y todas las bandas entre el tercer y octavo día, bajando a dos bandas (41.9 y 25.1 KDa) al día 38. Conclusión: A. ocellaris tiene un estómago funcional al octavo día, y, al día 38, un patrón digestivo omnívoro con tendencias carnívoras.

SARS-CoV-2 Incidence, signs and symptoms and main risk factors for COVID-19 infection in Health Care Workers: A hospital-wide survey in Salvador, Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Brazil is the third country most affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the world. Health care workers (HCWs) are at higher risk of infection. Despite the increasing numbers of studies on the topic, There are gaps in the knowledge of characteristics and risk factors for infection of HCWS. This information is important to design preventive strategies and to mitigate the disease impact. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, to identify factors associated, and to describe symptoms reported by healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Salvador, Brazil. Methods: All HCWs were evaluated in a cross-sectional study conducted between May and September 2020, using self-administered questionnaires, and screening all participants for SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies by rapid tests. Reactive IgG samples were retested by ELISA and IgM-positive test had a saliva sample retest by RT-PCR. Univariate associations were estimated by a non-adjusted incidence proportion ratio. Variables associated with COVID-19 incidence at p < 0.20 were selected for inclusion in a binary logistic regression model. Results: A total of 2083 HCWs were included, mean age 41±10 years, 71.8% women, and 77.8% non-white. Of these, 271 (13.0%) and 25 (1.2%) HCWs tested positive for IgG and IgM SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, respectively, and three had a positive RT-PCR. Ancillary work [Odds Ratio (OR): 4.96], elementary education (OR: 2.91), high school education (OR: 2.89), and catholic religion (OR: 2.16) were associated with an increased likelihood of a positive IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anosmia [Incidence Proportion Ratio (IPR): 7.41] and ageusia (IPR:8.51) were the most frequent associated symptoms. Conclusion: HCWs with low mean family income, lower level of schooling, ancillary workor being black had a significantly higher likelihood of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Social vulnerability was an important risk factor for COVID-19 infection.

Hongos detectados en la entomofauna asociada a Espeletia pycnophylla / Fungi detected in insects associated to Espeletia pycnophylla

RESUMEN Algunas especies del género Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) son afectados por hongos fitopatógenos e insectos en páramos de los Andes del Norte, amenazando su permanencia y la prestación de servicios que se les atribuye, como la regulación del ciclo hídrico. La escaza información sobre la afectación en el páramo de Paja Blanca (Nariño, Colombia), dificulta la comprensión de la dinámica del fenómeno y la formulación de estrategias de manejo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar cambios en la composición de las comunidades de insectos asociados a E. pycnophylla durante el declive de las poblaciones de frailejones y evaluar si reflejan modificaciones en los hongos, asociados a dichos insectos. Para ello, se colectaron insectos en plantas de E. pycnophylla sanas y afectadas, a los que se aplicó índices ecológicos, para identificar posibles modificaciones en la diversidad y la composición; además, se aislaron e identificaron morfológica y molecularmente hongos, a partir de estructuras corporales de los insectos. Como resultado, se identificó una diversidad de insectos considerable y que no hay modificación en su composición de insectos entre los dos estados de frailejón analizados. Se logró aislar hongos, como Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp., a partir de estructuras de los géneros de insectos Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. y Dyscolus sp. Este estudio aporta información sobre la entomofauna presente en E. pycnopylla del páramo de Paja Blanca y hongos asociados a estructuras corporales, como el canal alimentario y aparato bucal de los insectos.

ABSTRACT Some species of the genus Espeletia sp. (Asteraceae) are affected by phytopathogenic fungi and insects in the paramos of the Northern Andes, threatening their permanence and the provision of services attributed to them such as the regulation of the water cycle. The scarce information about the impact on the Paja Blanca páramo (Nariño, Colombia) makes it difficult to understand the dynamics of the phenomenon and the formulation of management strategies. The goal of this research was to identify changes in the composition of the insect communities associated to E. pycnophylla during the decline of the frailejon populations and to evaluate if these reflect modifications in the fungi associated with those insects. For this, insects were collected in healthy and affected E. pycnophylla plants to which ecological indices were applied to identify possible changes in diversity and composition, Also fungi were isolated and identified morphologically and molecularly from body structures of insects. As result, a considerable diversity of insects was identified and no modification in their composition of insects between the two states of frailejón were found. It was possible to isolate fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Cladosporium sp. from structures of the insect genera Neomyopites sp., Diabrotica sp., Bradysia sp. and Dyscolus sp. This study provides information about the entomofauna present in E. pycnopylla from the Paja Blanca páramo and fungi associated with body structures such as the alimentary canal and the oral system of insects.

Caracterización de Fusarium spp. asociado con la pudrición basal de la cebolla de rama / Characterization of Fusarium spp. associated with the basal rot of the green onion

RESUMEN El departamento de Nariño ocupa el cuarto lugar como productor de cebolla de rama, a nivel nacional. En los últimos años, su producción y área de cultivo se han reducido por múltiples limitantes, destacándose, como la más importante, la susceptibilidad al ataque de hongos causantes de pudriciones radicales, los cuales, perjudican el sistema productivo y la rentabilidad. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente las poblaciones de Fusarium, asociados a la enfermedad de pudrición basal de cebolla de rama. Para ello, en los municipios de Pasto, Potosi y Buesaco, se colectaron plantas con síntomas de pudrición basal, acompañada de necrosis de raíces y ablandamiento de tejido. En el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal de la Universidad de Nariño, se sembraron tejidos en medio PDA y, a continuación, se purificaron los aislamientos para su posterior caracterización morfológica y molecular. El estudio morfológico, se realizó usando claves taxonómicas para el género Fusarium y la caracterización molecular con cebadores específicos para el género Fusarium y mediante secuenciación. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis filogenético de la variabilidad intraespecífica. Los resultados de la caracterización morfológica y molecular corroboran la presencia de dos especies dentro del género asociadas a esta patología, F. oxysporum f sp. cepae y F. solani. Los análisis filogenéticos muestran alta variabilidad intraespecífica entre los aislamientos de F. oxysporum y F. solani, formando dos complejos Fusarium oxysporum (FOSC) y Fusarium solani (FSSC), manifestando que estas especies no parten de un ancestro común.

ABSTRACT The department of Nariño occupies the fourth place as producer of green onion nationwide. In recent years, its production and cultivation area has been reduced by multiple limitations, highlighting as the most important, the susceptibility to the attack of fungi causing radical problems, which harm the productive system and profitability. This study was carried out in order to morphologically and molecularly characterizes Fusarium populations associated with green onion basal rot disease. For this, in Pasto, Potosi and Buesaco municipalities, plants were collected with basal rot symptoms, tissue deterioration and root necrosis. In the Plant Health laboratory of the University of Nariño, tissues were planted in PDA medium and subsequently the isolates were purified for further morphological and molecular characterization. The morphological study was carried out using taxonomic keys for the genus Fusarium and molecular characterization with specific primers for the genus Fusarium, and by sequencing. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis of the intraspecific variability was carried out. Morphological and molecular characterization results corroborate the presence of two species within the genus associated with this pathology, F. oxusporum f sp. cepae and F. solani. Phylogenetic analyzes show high intraspecific variability between the isolates of F. oxysporum and F. solani, forming two Fusarium oxysporum (FOSC) complexes and Fusarium solani (FSSC), evidencing that these species do not start from a common ancestor.

Changes health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients following initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background: Several tools have been developed to evaluate HIV health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during and after antiretroviral therapy (ART). Few longitudinal studies evaluated the effect of ART on the quality of life of HIV patients. Objective: To evaluate changes in HRQoL in HIV-infected individuals one year after initiating ART. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from May 2016 to July 2018. Data on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of 91 HIV-infected patients were collected prior to initiation of ART and one year thereafter. Demographic and clinical data were collected and the questionnaires 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life (HAT-QoL) were administered in both periods. Asymptomatic individuals, aged ≥18 years, were included in the study. Patients who discontinued treatment were excluded. The association between predictors of physical and mental HRQoL was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Patients were predominantly male (78.0%), mean age 35.3 ± 10.7 years, with no stable relationship (80.2%), and no comorbidities (73.6%). Most of the SF-36 domains improved after one year, particularly Physical Function (p = 0.0001), General Health (p = 0.0001), Social Functioning (p = 0.0001), Mental Health (p = 0.001), and Mental Component Summary (p = 0.004). HAT-QoL domains improved in the Overall Function (p = 0.0001), Life Satisfaction (p = 0.0001), Provider Trust (p = 0.001), and Sexual Function (p = 0.0001) domains. Sex (p = 0.032), age (p = 0.001), income (p = 0.007), and stable relationship (p = 0.004) were good predictors of the Physical Component Summary. Sex (p = 0.002) and stable relationship (p = 0.038) were good predictors of the Mental Component Summary. SF-36 and HAT-QoL scales presented strong correlations, except for Medication Concerns (0.15-0.37), HIV Mastery (0.18-0.38), Disclosure Worries (−0.15 to 0.07), and Provider Trust (−0.07 to 0.15). Conclusions: ART improved HRQoL after one year of use. The HAT-QoL and SF-36 correlated well and are good tools to evaluate HRQoL in HIV-infected patients on ART.

Prevalence of cryptococcosis in Atlántico, department of Colombia assessed with an active epidemiological search

Abstract INTRODUCTION Cryptococcosis is the second most frequent cause of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Colombia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptococcosis in the Colombian department of Atlántico. METHODS An active search for cryptococcosis cases was conducted between 2015 and 2017 in health institutions by distributing surveys to clinicians and characterizing samples phenotypically and genotypically. RESULTS Thirty-eight cryptococcosis cases were identified (81.6% men, 76.3% HIV patients). The calculated annual prevalence was 5.08/1 million inhabitants. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VNI was isolated in 34 cases. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the basis for passive surveillance of cryptococcosis.

Ayudas ópticas y no ópticas en la baja visión / Visual and not visual aid in low vision

Este estudio se propone conocer la ayuda visual mejor aceptada por pacientes de visión baja, para lo cual se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el fin de contribuir al ejercicio optométrico. Se revisaron un total de 28 artículos del año 2007 a la fecha actual. En las diferentes patologías en estudio se encontró que la ayuda visual mejor aceptada para la visión cercana fueron las lupas, y para la visión lejana eran más usados los telescopios(AU)

The aim of this study is to determine which is the most frequent visual aid use in low vision. Twenty-eight articles were consulted in a period from 2007 until now. It was observed that for near vision the hans spectacles were the best aid and for far vision telescope were more used(AU)

Low variation in initial CD4 cell count in a HIV referral center, in Salvador, Brazil, from 2002 to 2015

ABSTRACT Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy increases the likelihood of effective immune restoration, quality of life, and greater life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. We evaluated the evolution of mean CD4+ cells count at diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Salvador, Brazil from 2002 to 2015. We identified HIV/AIDS patients older than 18 years with diagnosis of HIV infection from 2002 to 2015, who had their first laboratory evaluation at Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia. Initial mean CD4+ cells count and age, over time were evaluated. A total of 1801 patients randomly selected individuals were included in the analysis. Overall mean CD4+ count at diagnosis in the whole period was 279 ± 265, varying from 191 in 2015 to 334 in 2011. There was no improvement in the immunological status at diagnosis from 2002 to 2015. In addition, a higher frequency of CD4+ cells count < 200 cells/mL in the last two years was observed. This suggests that the adopted strategies for early diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Salvador, Brazil, are still ineffective.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy of Brazilian HIV-infected children and their caregivers

Abstract Background Successful treatment of HIV-positive children requires a high level of adherence (at least 95%) to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Adherence is influenced by factors related to the child and caregivers. Objectives To evaluate children and caregivers characteristics associated to children's adherence. Methods Cross-sectional study, from September 2013 to June 2015, comprising a sample of caregivers of perinatally HIV-infected children, in the age group of 1–12 years, under antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 months and on follow-up in two AIDS reference centers in Salvador, Bahia. Caregiver self-reports were the sole source of 4 days adherence and sociodemographic information. Study participants who reported an intake >95% of prescribed medication were considered adherents. A variable, (“Composed Adherence”), was created to better evaluate adherence. Results We included 77 children and their caregivers. 88.3% of the caregivers were female, the median age was 38.0 years (IQR 33.5–47.5), 48.1% were white or mixed, 72.7% lived in Salvador and 53.2% had no fixed income. The 4 days child's adherence was associated only to caregivers that received less than a minimum salary (p < 0.05), 70.1% of the caregivers had less than four years of formal education, 81.8% were children's relative and 53.2% of the caregivers were HIV positive. The caregiver's pharmacy refill, long-term adherence and 4 days adherence, were significantly associated with composed adherence (p < 0.05). Child's long-term adherence was strongly associated to the 4 days child's adherence referred by caregiver (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest the need of improvement in HIV-infected children adherence, through reinforcement of the caregivers own adherence.

El Concepto Histórico Posgalénico sobre la Estructura y Función de los Nervios Craneales / Post Galenic Historic Concept on the Structure and Function of Cranial Nerves

Se realiza un análisis histórico sobre las ideas, creencias y conceptos que se tenían de los nervios craneales en distintas épocas desde Galeno en el siglo II, haciendo comparaciones de los distintos aportes y nombres dados a estas estructuras nerviosas. Se comprueba que con el desarrollo y avance de las distintas ideas y demostraciones experimentales, se ha llegado a una comprensión más clara y precisa de las características neuroanatómicas y funcionales de estos elementos del sistema nervioso, además del número total de nervios craneales que realmente existen, a través de los cuales se propagan los impulsos nerviosos desde y hacia el sistema nervioso central.

A historical analysis of ideas about beliefs and concepts that people had about cranial nerve at different times from Galen in the second century was realized, making comparisons between the different contributions and names given to these neural structures. We found that with the development and progression of different ideas and experimental demonstrations, a more clear and precise understanding of the neuroanatomical and functional elements of the nervous system was accomplished , in addition to the total number of cranial nerves that actually exist, which propagate nerve impulses to and from the central nervous system.

Desarrollo osteológico de la columna vertebral y del complejo caudal de larvas de Lutjanus guttatus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) en condiciones de cultivo / Osteological development of the vertebral column and caudal complex of Lutjanus guttatus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) larvae under rearing conditions

The spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) is an important commercial species in Mexico with good culture potential. The osteological study at early stages in this species is an important tool to confirm normal bone structure and for the detection of malformations that may occur during early development. This study was carried out in order to evaluate and describe the normal osteological development of the vertebral column and caudal complex of this species grown under controlled conditions. For this, a total of 540 larvae of L. guttatus, between 2.1 and 17.5mm of total length (TL), were cultured during 36 days; culture conditions were 28ºC, 5.74mg/L oxygen and 32.2ups salinity with standard feeding rates. To detect growth changes, a sample of 15 organisms was daily taken from day one until day 36 of post-hatch (DPH). Samples were processed following standard techniques of clearing, and cartilage (alcian blue) and bone staining (alizarin red). Results showed that the vertebral column is composed of ten vertebrae in the abdominal region, and 14 vertebrae including the urostyle in the caudal region. The development of the axial skeleton starts with the neural arches and haemal arches at 3.8mm TL. Caudal elements such as the hypurals and parahypural began to develop at 4.1mm TL. Pre-flexion and flexion of the notochord and the formation of all hypurals were observed between 5.3 and 5.8mm TL. Ossification of the vertebrae in the abdominal region and in some neural arches initiated at 9.5mm TL. In the caudal region, all the neural and haemal arches ossified at 10.2mm TL. All the abdominal vertebrae and their respective neural arches and parapophyses ossified at 11.2mm TL, while the elements of the caudal complex that ossified were the hypurals, parahypurals and modified haemal spines. All caudal fin rays, 12 neural spines and 3 haemal arches were ossified by 15.5mm. The complete ossification process of this specie under laboratory culture conditions was observed when larvae reached 17.3mm TL on 36 DPH. Detailed analysis of the osteological structures will allow a reference description to evaluate and detect malformations that may occur during the larval culture of the spotted rose snapper.

El pargo flamenco (Lutjanus guttatus) es una especie de importancia comercial en México con un gran potencial para su cultivo. El estudio osteológico en estadios tempranos de esta especie bajo condiciones controladas, es una herramienta importante para el conocimiento de su estructura ósea normal y poder detectar las malformaciones que se puedan presentar. El objetivo del presente trabajo se realizó para conocer y describir el desarrollo osteológico normal de la columna vertebral y el complejo caudal de 540 larvas de 2.1 a 17.5mm de longitud total (LT) bajo condiciones de cultivo a 28°C, 5.74mg/L de oxígeno y 32.2UPS de salinidad. Diariamente se tomó una muestra de 15 organismos desde el día uno hasta el 36 después de la eclosión (DDE) y se procesaron con las técnicas de clareado y tinción de cartílago (azul aciano) y hueso (rojo alizarina) para llevar a cabo la descripción de las estructuras. La columna vertebral se divide en región abdominal con diez vértebras y región caudal compuesta por 14 vértebras incluido el urostilo. El desarrollo del esqueleto axial inicia con la formación de los arcos neurales y hemales a los 3.8mm de LT. A los 4.1mm de LT empieza la formación de los hipurales y parahipural que son elementos caudales. Entre los 5.3 y 5.8mm de LT se observó en pre-flexión y flexión del notocordio y la formación de todos los hipurales. La osificación de las vértebras en la región abdominal y en algunos arcos neurales inició a los 9.5mm de LT. A los 10.2mm de LT se osificó la región caudal y todos los arcos neurales y hemales. A los 11.2mm LT se osificaron todas las vértebras abdominales con sus respectivos arcos neurales y los parapófisis, mientras que los elementos del esqueleto caudal que se osificaron fueron los hipurales, parahipurales y las espinas hemales modificadas. A los 15.5mm de LT se osificaron los radios de la aleta caudal y 12 espinas neurales y 3 hemales. El proceso de osificación de las larvas de esta especie en condiciones de cultivo se completó a los 17.3mm LT o 36 DDE. El análisis detallado de las estructuras osteológicas, permitirá una descripción de referencia para evaluar y detectar las malformaciones que se puedan presentar durante el cultivo larvario.

Embarazo adolescente: características maternas y su asociación con el peso al nacer del neonato / Adolescent pregnancy: maternal characteristics and their association with birth weight of the newborn

En Colombia, el embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública, con serias implicaciones en la salud y nutrición del binomio madre-hijo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar características sociodemográficas, económicas, de seguridad alimentaria, de salud y el estado nutricional por antropometría en adolescentes en el tercer trimestre de embarazo y asociar estos factores con el peso de los recién nacidos. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con 294 embarazadas (semana 27-40) del programa de control prenatal de la Red Pública Hospitalaria de Medellín-Colombia. Se buscó asociación del peso al nacer del neonato con las variables explicativas. El bajo peso en embarazadas se presentó en mayor proporción en adolescentes cuyas familias devengaron menos de un Salario Mínimo Mensual -SMMLV-, en las que tenían 15 años o menos y con edad ginecológica menor de cinco años. La mayor proporción de pequeños para la edad gestacional se presentó en adolescentes con infecciones, bajo peso gestacional e ingresos menores a un SMMLV. Devengar menos de un SMMLV disminuye 118 gramos el peso del recién nacido (IC95%:-2,5a-234,7) y por cada kilogramo que aumentó el peso pregestacional materno, el peso al nacer aumentó 10,3 g (IC95%: 2,0 - 18,5). Los ingresos económicos inferiores a un SMMLV se asociaron con bajo peso materno y con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. El peso pregestacional, el índice de masa corporal bajo en tercer trimestre de gestación y la presencia de infecciones urinarias y/o vaginales de la madre se asociaron con recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional.

In Colombia, adolescent pregnancy is a public health problem, with serious implications for the health and nutrition of the binomial mother-child. Objective: assess socio-demographic, economic, food security, health and maternal nutritional status characteristics by anthropometric measures in a group of pregnant adolescents in Medellin-Colombia on their third trimester of pregnancy and associate them with the newborns weight. Methods and materials: A cross sectional analytical study was made with 294 pregnant women (week 27 to 40), who participating in prenatal control program of the public hospital network in Medellin-Colombia. We sought Association of weight at birth with the explanatory variables. Results: underweight in pregnant women was presented in families that had lower income wages than the Standard Minimum Wage Income - SMWI-, adolescents who were younger than 15 years old and those who had a gynecological age less than five years. In newborns, the highest proportion of small children for pregnancy age was found in mothers who presented infections, low pregnancy weight and low family income less than the minimum wage. For those whose earnings was less than the minimum income the newborn weight decreased 118g (CI95%:-2,5 a - 234,7), in addition, for each kilogram that increased the prepregnancy weight, newborn weight increased in 10,26g (CI95%:1,98 a -18,5). Conclusions: low-weight pregnancy and low-weight newborns are associated with low family income. Pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index in the third trimester of pregnancy and mother`s presence of urinary tract and vaginal infections were associated with the newborn´s weight.

Validez y confiabilidad de una prueba tamiz del lenguaje para preescolares en edades de 2 a 3 años / Validity and reliability of a language screening test for preschoolers from 2 to 3 years of age

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la validez y confiabilidad de la prueba tamiz del lenguaje en preescolares de 2 a 3 años del municipio de Juan De Acosta del Departamento del Atlántico. Fue un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo, realizado a treinta preescolares del plan de atención "Educación y Desarrollo Integral para cada Colombiano". Se evaluó la validez del instrumento por parte de los jueces expertos, en relación a cada uno de los aspectos del lenguaje que contiene la prueba. La confiabilidad del instrumento, fue hallada mediante el estadístico ALPHA DE CRONBACH, aplicado al total de la muestra. Se encontró que el 66,7% están de acuerdo con que el aspecto pragmático es válido y el 33.3% que este aspecto es pertinente, claro y completo. Referente a los aspectos semántico y morfosintáctico en un 8.43, 8.46 y8.75 respectivamente. El aspecto fonético-fonológico de la prueba obtuvo una confiabilidad de 4.49, lo que determina que dicho aspecto presentó una baja consistencia interna. Se concluyó que los índices obtenidos en la validación del instrumento generados por el coeficiente de correlación, demuestran que la prueba tamiz de lenguaje diseñada para preescolares de 2 a 3 años es válida, pertinente, clara y completa.

The purpose was determinate the validity and reliability of the screening test of language in pres-choolers 2 to 3 years in Juan de Acosta town located in the department of Atlántico. A descriptive and quantitative approach to the validity and reliability of a test about language assessment was done to thirty (30) preschool from the ages 2 to 3. Based on the " Education was determined and for each Colombian Integral development " plan, applied Juan de Acosta in the department of the Atlantic. These aspects (validity and reliability) of the test made to the children from Juan de Acosta were endorsed by expert judges that determined, and validated each of the aspects of language related to the contains in the test. The values show that 66.7 % of the experts agreed that the pragmatic aspect is valid adding that is relevant, and the other 33.3 % ensure that is clear and complete. Regarding to the semantic aspect, the results show that 100 % of the judges agree that this aspect is valid 66.7 % affirm is relevant, clear and complete, while 33.3% somehow agreed with this judgments. In the morphosyntactic aspect, the results show that 11% of judges ensure this aspect is valid, relevant, clear and complete. As for the phonetic-phonological aspect, the results gave a 100% validation from the judges in its validation and relevance, 66.7% agreed that is clear and complete while 33.3 % somewhat agree with this. The reliability of the instrument, which was found by Cronbach's alpha, after it was applied to a sample of 30 preschool students established that this test is reliable in the pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic aspects a 8.43, 8.46 and 8.75 respectively . The phonetic - phonological aspect of the test obtained a reliability of 4.49, which determines that this aspect has low internal consistency

Uso temprano de atropina en la ecocardiografía de estrés con dobutamina / Early use of atropine in dobutamine stress echocardiogram

Introducción: los ecocardiogramas de estrés pueden estar limitados por no lograr la meta de frecuencia cardiaca. El tiempo de infusión se prolonga. Objetivos: evaluar el uso de la atropina en forma temprana y su relación con el número de estudios que no logra el 85% de frecuencia cardiaca máxima, el tiempo de estudio y la frecuencia de efectos adversos. Materiales y métodos: revisión retrospectiva los ecocardiogramas de estrés realizados en la Clínica de Marly y en la Clínica Nueva de Bogotá, desde enero hasta octubre 2009. De acuerdo con el uso de atropina se agruparon en: grupo I: sin atropina, grupo II: inicio tardío (>20μg/Kg/min) y grupo III: inicio temprano (≤20μg/Kg/min). Resultados: se incluyeron 389 pacientes con edad promedio de 63,9años (18-89): grupo I: 85, grupo II: 46 y grupo III: 258. El tiempo promedio de estudio fue menor para el grupoIII: 15,01 min (DE: 2,97), comparado con los grupos I: 18,67 min (DE: 3,66) y II: 22,43 min (DE: 5,40). La aparición de síntomas fue menor en el grupo III: 2,71%, comparado con los grupos I: 18% y II: 12%. El estudio estrés fue negativo en el 90,2% de los pacientes, positivo en 3,9 y no diagnóstico en el 5,9%. El porcentaje de pruebas no diagnóstica fue mayor en el grupo I y el menor porcentaje de 21% se logró en el grupo III. Conclusiones: el uso temprano de atropina facilita que un mayor número de pacientes alcance la meta de frecuencia, con menor duración del estudio y con menos eventos adversos. Recomendamos estimular el uso temprano de atropina en la ecocardiografía de estrés.

Introduction: stress echocardiograms may be limited if target heart rate is not achieved, and infusion time can be prolonged. Objectives: to assess the early use of atropine, and its relation with the number of studies that do not achieve 85% target of heartrate; the study duration, and the frequency of adverse events. Methodology: stress echocardiograms realized at Clinica Marly and Clinica Nueva de Bogotá, since january to october of 2009 were retrospective reviewed. According to atropine use the patients were grouped: group I: no atropine, group II: late use (>20 μg/Kg/min), and group III: early use (≤20 μg /Kg/min). Results: 389 patientswere included, with a mean age of 63.9 (18-89 years), distributed: group I: 85, group II: 46, and group III: 258. The mean study duration was signifi cantly lower for group III: 15.01 min (SD: 2.97), compared with groups I: 18.67 min (SD 3.66) and II: 22.43 min(SD 5.40). The presence of symptoms during the infusion was lower for group III: 2.71%, compared with groups I: 18% and II: 12%. The stress echocardiogram was negative in 90.2% patients, positive in 3.9, and non-diagnostic in 5.9%. The percentage of non-diagnostic tests was greater in group I, and the least percentage was found in group III. Conclusions: early use of atropine facilitates that a greater number of patients achieve target heart rate, in less study time and a lower incidence of adverse events. We recommend stimulating the early use of atropine in stress echocardiography.

Regenerácion in vitro de tres variedades de crisantemo (Dendrathema grandiflora) a través de organogénesis y embriogénesis somática / In vitro regeneration of three chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) varieties via organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis

El crisantemo (Dendrathema grandiflora) presenta alta demanda en los mercados de flor cortada, tanto colombianos como internacionales. La producción de esta especie se ve seriamente afectada por enfermedades fúngicas como la roya Blanca (Puccinia horiana), lo que ocasiona que se empleen grandes cantidades de fungicidas aumentando los costos de producción a nivel económico y ecológico. La evaluación de sistemas de regeneración in vitro de crisantemo a partir de discos de hoja constituyó un primer paso hacia el empleo de la transformación genética, como apoyo a las técnicas de mejoramiento convencional para la obtención de plantas resistentes al hongo. Se establecieron discos de hoja de D. grandiflora var. Escapade, var. White albatross y var. Yellow albatross sobre medio MS en presencia ANA (0 - 4.83 mM) y BAP (0 - 13.32 mM) solos y en combinación. Así mismo, se establecieron discos foliares de las tres variedades en estudio sobre el medio MumB en presencia 2,4-D (0 - 4.52 mM) durante 7, 14 y 21 días, tiempo en el cual los explantes fueron transferidos a medio a medio Mum B sin 2-4D. Los brotes regenerados, fueron individualizados, enraizados y endurecidos. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el medio MS suplementado con: ANA 4.83 mM + BAP 4.44 mM ó ANA 4.83 mM y BAP 13.32 mM permite la regeneración de plantas vía organogénesis para las tres variedades y que es posible obtener embriones somáticos de las tres variedades, sobre medio Mum B en presencia de 2,4-D 2.26 mM, con periodos de incubación de 14 días para White Albatross y 21 días para Yellow Albatros y Escapade. El medio Mum B sin 2,4-D, permite el desarrollo de los brotes, a partir de embriones somáticos en los tres casos. El 85 por ciento de los brotes obtenidos presentaron enraizamiento espontáneo, lo que facilitó el endurecimiento y transferencia exitosa a suelo.

Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) has a high demand in the Colombian and international cut flower markets. Since commercial production of this ornamental species is strongly affected by fungal diseases such as chrysanthemum white rust (Puccinia horiana), high doses of fungicides are being used posing increased environmental and commercial costs. Assessment of in vitro regeneration systems from leaf discs was a first step in developing a plant genetic transformation protocol to obtain fungi-resistant plants. Leaf discs of White Albatross, Yellow Albatross, and Escapade varieties were established in vitro on MS medium supplemented with NAA (0 - 4.83 μM) and BAP (0 - 13.32 μM) alone and in combination. Leaf discs were also cultured on MumB medium containing 2,4-D (0 - 4.52 μM) for 7, 14, and 21 days prior to their transferral to a 2,4-D free MumB medium. Regenerated shoots were individualized, rooted, and hardened. Results show that MS with 4.83 μM NAA + 4.44 μM BAP and 4.83 μM NAA + 13.32 μM BAP induce organogenesis, and MumB with 2.26 μM 2,4-D induces somatic embryogenesis on all three varieties, with exposition periods to 2,4-D of 14 days for White Albatross and 21 days for Yellow Albatross and Escapade. Shoot development from somatic embryos was observed in the three varieties when cultured on a 2,4-D free MumB medium. Spontaneous rooting was recorded in 85% of the shoots thus facilitating hardening and successful transfer to soil.

Cariotipos de los caracoles de tinte Plicopurpura pansa y Plicopurpura columellaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae)

Karyotypes of the purple snails Plicopurpura pansa and Plicopurpura columellaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae). The karyotypes of the purple snails Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) and P. columellaris (Lamarck, 1816) were established from 17 and 13 adults, respectively; and from eight capsules with embryos of P. pansa. In P. pansa were counted 59 mitotic fields in the adults and 127 in embryos; and 118 fields in P. columellaris. Chromosome numbers from 30 to 42 were observed in both species. Such a variation was notorious in each sample and there was no evidence of any relationship with tissue (gill, muscle and stomach). Both species has a typical modal number of 2n=36 chromosomes. Five good quality chromosome spreads were selected from adults of each species to assemble the karyotype. Classic cytogenetics statistics like relative lengths, arm ratio, centromeric index and the difference between long and short arms are presented. There were three pairs of metacentric and fifteen pairs of telocentric chromosomes in both species. This classification was not strong enough, so the chromosome complement by species was divided in four groups ("a", "b", "c" and "d") on the basis of relative lengths (p+q). A comparison of p+q in each chromosome pair was estimated within and between species by two ways analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P<0.05). Significant differences were identified among chromosome groups in each species; the differences between species were given by the first three pairs of chromosomes (group "a" biarmed) and the last two pairs (group "d" uniarmed). Deviations in chromosome number and relative lengths probably are given by chromosome rearrangements, related with chromosome polymorphism and presence of the atypical microchromosome "B". The fundamental number in both species was characterized by 42 chromosome arms. No sex chromosomes were identified. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (3-4): 853-866. Epub 2007 December, 28.

El cariotipo de Plicopurpura pansa y P. columellaris fue determinado a partir de 17 y 13 especímenes adultos respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron ocho cápsulas de P. pansa. Contamos 186 campos mitóticos en P. pansa: 59 en los adultos y 127 en los embriones; y 118 campos en P. columellaris. En ambas especies se observaron números cromosómicos desde 30 hasta 42. Las variaciones en número cromosómico fueron identificadas en cada individuo, no habiendo ninguna relación con los tejidos (branquias, músculo y estómago) empleados. El número modal diploide típico fue de 2n=36 cromosomas en ambas especies. En los especímenes adultos seleccionamos cinco de las mejores dispersiones cromosómicas para armar el cariotipo. Calculamos los estadísticos citogenéticos clásicos, longitudes relativas, proporción de brazos, índice centromérico y la diferencia entre brazos. Identificamos en ambas especies tres pares de cromosomas metacéntricos y quince pares de cromosomas telocéntricos. Esta clasificación no fue suficientemente robusta, por lo que dividimos el complemento cromosómico de cada especie en cuatro grupos ("a", "b", "c" y "d") utilizando como criterio las longitudes relativas (p+q). Hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos cromosómicos por especie y entre especies, los tres primeros pares de cromosomas (grupo "a" birrámeos) y los dos últimos pares (grupo "d" monorrámeos menores) (análisis de varianza de dos vías, p<0.05). Las desviaciones en número cromosómico y en las longitudes relativas, posiblemente se deban a reorganizaciones cromosómicos asociadas con el polimorfismo cromosómico y presencia de microcromosomas tipo "B". El número fundamental en ambas especies se caracterizó por 42 brazos cromosómicos. No identificamos cromosomas sexuales.

Estudio comparativo de hallazgos mamográficos entre mamografía convencional y mamografía digital / Comparative study on mammographic findings between conventional mammography and digital mammography

Introducción: la mamografía convencional es el estudio ideal para la detección temprana de cáncer mamario. nuestro propósito es describir la detección de hallazgos mamográficos al comparar la mamografía convencional y la mamografía digital (CR). Materiales y métodos: se realizó un examen mamográfico convencional a 180 mujeres entre 35 y 86 años de edad. a la mitad del grupo se les adicionaron dos proyecciones cráneo-caudales con técnica digital CR, y a la otra mitad, dos proyecciones oblicuas. Las imágenes fueron interpretadas por cuatro radiólogos de manera independiente, quienes compararon las mamografias convencionales con las imágenes digitales en monitores (soft-copy). se comparó la visualización de masas, la detección de microcalcificaciones, las alteraciones en la arquitectura mamaria, la línea de la piel, la nitidez y el ruido de la imagen. Resultados: El 52,6 de las microcalcificaciones fueron visualizadas con ambas técnicas, y el 13,5% mejor en mamografía digital CR. En el 50% de los casos, la visibilidad de la línea de la piel fue mejor en la mamografía digital y muy superior en un 40%. La nitidez fue mejor en el 48,2% de los casos con la técnica digital. Se detectó menor ruido en el 63,4% de las mamografías convencionales. Conclusión: Se detectó una mejor visualización de microcalcificaciones, detalle en la línea de la piel y mayor nitidez con la técnica digital CR; mientras la mamografía convencional mostró menor ruido. La mamografía digital constituye una alternativa diagnóstica que puede mejorar la detección de hallazgos mamográficos y optimizar la detección precoz del cáncer de mama.

Los habitos alimentarios en el adulto mayor y su relación con los procesos protectores y deteriorantes en salud / Nutritional habits in senior adults and its relationship with protective or deteriorating effects in health

Aim: To investigate the protective and deleterious aspects relative to nutrition and nourishment of elderly. Methodology: Research was focused on critical epidemiology and strategic monitoring. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were employed for the recollection of information. In the quantitative component a multiphase and stratified survey was selected while a directed survey was used for quantitative component. Results: Several unhealthy nutritional habits in this population from Caldas were identified, including a low intake of dairy products, meats, fruits and a high intake of fats. In some of the surveyed persons consumption was affected by a scarcity of food, while in other their mental status was more important. The participants identified low food consumption as a cause of hunger and sickness. They think that previously they had more food because they had the possibility to cultivate their plots while in their elderly years they experience familiar isolation making more difficult the acquisition of food..

Objetivo: indagar sobre los aspectos protectores y deteriorantes relacionados con la alimentación y nutrición del adulto mayor. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación con el enfoque de epidemiología crítica y como estrategia se utilizó el monitoreo estratégico. Se utilizaron técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas para la recolección de información. En el componente cuantitativo se realizó un muestreo multietápico, estratificado y en el componente cualitativo un muestreo intencional. Resultados: Se identificó en la alimentación de los adultos mayores del municipio de Caldas en el año 2005, los hábitos alimentarios que contribuyen a su proceso de mayor fragillidad, tales como un bajo consumo de lácteos, carnes, frutas, verduras y alto consumo de grasa. En algunos participantes el consumo se ve afectado por el poco acceso a los alimentos, en otros este se afecta por su estado de ánimo. Los participantes identifican que el bajo acceso a los alimentos genera hambre y enfermedad, manifiestan que anteriormente había mayor disponibilidad de alimentos por la posibilidad de acceder a ellos por medio de la agricultura. Al llegar a la vejez algunos de ellos se enfrentan al aislamiento familiar lo que dificulta la adquisición de alimentos, viéndose en la necesidad de trabajar para su manutención, buscar redes de apoyo o programas de complementación alimentaria.

A relação da concentração de chumbo nos sangues materno e do cordão umbilical / Relationship between lead concentrations in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood

1.Comparar as médias dos níveis de chumbo das parturientes, segundo a distância entre o local de residência e a fonte de contaminação de chumbo; 2. determinar a relação entre os níveis chumbo de parturientes e seus respectivos recém nascidos, analisadas através de dois métodos; 3. verificar os fatores preditores dos elevados níveis de chumbo nas parturientes; 4. verificar os fatores preditores dos elevados níveis de chumbo nos recém-nascidos. Foram estudados 50 pares de parturientes e recém nascidos em um hospital maternidade localizado no município de Santo Amaro, Bahia. Os dados referentes à situação demográfica, sócio econômica, estado nutricional e história obstétrica foram obtidos através de um questionário elaborado para este estudo. O consumo alimentar foi estimado através de questionário de freqüência alimentar para verificar o consumo de cálcio, ferro e vitamina C, nutrientes que podem interagir com o chumbo. Amostras de sangue venoso das parturientes e do cordão umbilical foram utilizadas para a determinação dos níveis de chumbo e de hemoglobina. Estas amostras foram analisadas através dos métodos de espectrofotometria e eletroquímica - ôLeadCareö. No caso da hemoglobina utilizou-se o aparelho HemoCue. Para a comparação das médias de chumbo das parturientes que residiam perto, a uma distância média ou longe da fonte de contaminação, utilizou-se o Teste t-Student. A relação entre os níveis de chumbo das parturientes es seus respectivos recém-nascidos foi analisada através do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Para analisar a associação entre as diversas variáveis investigadas neste estudo com relação à contaminação de chumbo foi realizada análise de regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se que as médias dos níveis de chumbo no sangue das parturientes que moram perto da fonte de contaminação foram maiores que as médias dos níveis sanguíneos de chumbo no sangue das parturientes que moram à distância média ou longe. O melhor modelo de predição para altos níveis de chumbo no sangue de recém-nascidos inclui o comprimento e o peso. A contaminação por chumbo é um sério problema na gestação, considerando-se que o chumbo atravessa a placenta, provavelmente influenciando o crescimento do feto. Sugere-se a implementação de programas de suplementação com ferro, para prevenção da deficiência de ferro, e um aumento no consumo de cálcio, nas populações de maior risco de contaminação de chumbo.