Development and validation of simple stability indicating RP-HPLC method for analysis of saxagliptin and its forced degradation impurities in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form.

The objective of the present research work is developing a gradient, reversed phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of saxagliptin hydrochloride in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Inertsil C8 (4.6x250) mm, 5 μm column, the gradient LC method employs solution A and B as mobile phase. The solution A contains (1.20g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in 1000 ml of water) pH 5.0 solution B (acetonitrile) at flow rate 1.2 ml/min. The UV detector was operated at 210 nm and temperature was 25˚c. The retention time was 7.68 min and linearity was observed in the concentration range of 50-375 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The percentage relative standard deviation in accuracy and precision studies was found to be less than 2%. The method was successfully validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Saxagliptin hydrochloride undergoes degradation under acidic, basic, oxidation, dry heat and photolytic conditions, degradation impurities did not interfere with the retention time of Saxagliptin hydrochloride. The proposed method was found to be a new, simple, precise, linear, accurate, specific and stability indicating.

Musculoskeletal Applications of Elastography: a Pictorial Essay of Our Initial Experience

Elastography is an ultrasound-based newer imaging technique that is currently being used for the evaluation of breast lesions and hepatic pathology. It is also being evaluated for characterizing lesions of the prostate, thyroid, cervix and lymph nodes. We have applied real-time sonoelastography to a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies and here we report the findings of elastography for the evaluation of various musculoskeletal pathologies. Elastography of musculoskeletal lesions is not yet being routinely used in clinical practice, but it is being extensively researched.

Comparison of potential renal solute load [PRSL] in healthy breastfed and non breastfed infants

Background: In our society due to some social and cultural beliefs many mothers deprive their infants from the benefits of breast feeding. The infants are fed cow milk/buffalo milk purchased from the market. The infant formula milk is very costly and it is not possible for an average family to afford formula milk for an infant. The milk of cows and buffalos is having three times more proteins and 3-4 times more minerals as compared to the human milk. By feeding the milk of cow or buffalo/infant formula, the infant is being loaded with more proteins and minerals, which can lead to high PRSL and high concentration of serum minerals

Study Design: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study which has been conducted on infants up to the age of6 months being fed either mothers' milk, infant formula or cow/buffalo milk. Sample Size: A total sample of one hundred and fifty infants up to the age of 6 months was selected. The sample was divided into three groups of fifty infants in each group. Group-I: Infants on Formula Milk. Group II: Infants on Mother Milk. Group III: Infants on Cow/Buffalo Milk

Place of Study: The study was conducted in outpatient department of the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore after due permission from concerned authorities

Results: The serum levels of BUN, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride and PRSL were all significantly low in breast-fed infants as compared to the infants on bottle feeding taking infant formula or cow/buffalo milk

Conclusion: The present study has clearly highlighted that "Mother's Milk is the best milk". By feeding the milk of cow or buffalo/infant formula, the infant is loaded with more proteins and minerals, which can lead to high PRSL and high concentration of serum minerals. The effects of these components may not be visible immediately but may have consequences in later life

Tuberculosis as an occupational hazard in ward workers

The present study was designed to estimate the risk of tuberculosis in ward workers in a tertiary care hospital, Lahore. A total 53 ward workers who had been working in chest medicine and internal medicine wards for the last one year, were assessed. As regards demographics, 34 were male and 19 were female with mean age 34.3 years. Out of these workers, three [5.6%] were diagnosed as case of active tuberculosis and all these workers were male. Sputum AFB microscopy was positive in one case. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis is known to occur and this risk is much more common in ward workers than that of general population. So it is concluded that there is a significant increased [P<0.001] risk of tuberculosis in ward workers

Using of indirect Immuno florescence[IIF]method and enzyme-linked Immuno sorbant assay[ELISA]method in detecting of spermatozoa antibodies in serum

We proposed to compare between Indirect Immuno Fluorescence [IIF] method and Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay [ELISA] method in detecting spermatozoa antibodies in serum, and also to study the relationship between the presence of antisperm antibodies in serum and unexplained infertility. Fifty-four patients aged 18-45 years [30 men and 24 women] suffered from unexplained infertility [all their routine tests for evaluating infertility are normal] were evaluated by detecting spermatozoa antibodies in their serum by two methods [IIF and ELISA]. On the other hand, forty-five fertile men aged 16- 50 years were evaluated in the same way as controls [who conceived last child two years or less before the study]. Out of fifty-four patients, twenty-two patient's serum [11 men and 11 women] were positive for antisperm antibodies by using IIF method. Three serums of the control men were also positive. Whereas, twenty patient's serum [12 men and 8 women] and four control's serum were positive for Antisperm antibodies by using ELISA method. Our study revealed that there was a considerable correlation between the presence of serum-antisperm antibodies and unexplained infertility [P = 0.000102]. This finding highlights the role of antisperm antibodies in unexplained infertility. Moreover, we found that ELISA method had low sensitivity [32%] and specificity [78,3%] when compared with IIF method in detecting spermatozoa antibodies in serum. This finding suggests that IIF method is the method of choice for evaluating antisperm antibodies in serum

[ gastric stump cancer]

Among a series of 266 cases of gastric cancer operated on between 1981 and 1991, 8 cases were developed on gastric stump after gastro-duodenal surgery. A post operative delay of 10 years has been insisted upon. We noticed an exclusive masculine serie. The main age was 61 years. Clinical aspects were univoque and treatment was always surgical with a resecability rate of 37%. Pathological analysis of operatory specimen and biopsies has shown everywhere an adenocarcinoma. The only way to improve prognosis is based on early histoendoscopic supervision since the tenth year after initial intervention of these operated patients of the stomach with high neoplasic risk

Age and sex variations of acoustic measurements of voice

100 persons were included in this study, 50 of each sex. These were divided into 3 age groups; children, adults and elderly. All the included persons were nonsmokers, nonhabitual or professional voice users and free from any general medical or local laryngeal disease. Acoustic analysis of their voices was carried out, by the CSL [Computerized Speech Lap], using sustained phonation of three vowels, /a/, /i/, /u/ at comfortable and habitual pitch of the examined speakers. As regards the fundamental frequency, it was concluded that the female-to-male ratio, was as much as 1.5 in adults and elderly persons. The highest mean fundamental frequency was reported in children, then declined to reach its adult value, followed by slight increase to reach its elderly value. As regards the mean relative jitter, the male values were proved to be higher than the female values, especially in adults, with only little differences in children. It was also proved that the jitter values tended to decrease with increasing the fundamental frequency. The highest shimmer values were obtained in adults especially adult males. The harmonic-to-noise ratio, was found to be affected by the variations of the ages and sexes, a condition which could be explained by the changes of the fundamental frequency

[Ano-perianal suppurations during Crohn disease]

The authors present 26 cases of ano-perianal suppurations during Crohn disease, collected in theGastro-Enterology and Proctology unit of the CHU Ibn Rochd of Casablanca, during a period of 12 years [1977-1989]. In our series, the young adults represent 34% of the cases with a slight masculine predominance in 57.7% of the cases. The ano-peri-anal suppurations are inaugural in 38% of the cases. They are concomittant in 38% cases to an ileo-colic localization: in 50% of the cases to a colic localization, and 70% of the cases to a rectal localization. We note a predominance of the secondary lesions in 66,7% of the cases. A spontaneous cicatrization of the ano-peri-anal suppurations under a general medical treatment is obtained in 80% of the cases. The evolution of the patients under surgical proctologic treatments marked by a cicatrization of the lesion in 75% of the cases

Diverticular disease of the colon. About 15 cases

The study of 5 cases of colic diverticulosis observed during 12 years and a review of the literature permit the authors to show that this pathology is rare in Morocco, to insist on these different clinical aspects and to show the rarely and especially the gravity of its complications which make colectomy necessary. Finally, the authors notice the importance of the pathogenical and therapeutical part of dietary fibers on matter of colic diverticulosis

tuberculosis of oesophagus. Report of two cases

Tow abservations about the oesophageal tuberculosis have been collected. In the two observation no oesophageal symptomatology has been indicated. The diagnosis of oesophageal tuberculosis has been done on anamnestic, clino, radiologic, enodoscopic and histologic bases. The different anatomic, clinio, radiologic and therapeutic aspects of the oesophageal tuberculosis based on review of literature have been investigated. It is necessary to notice the importance of fibroscopy with biojosies in order to do the diagnosis of the oesophageal tuberculosis

Primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma. A case report with pseudomyxoma peritonei

A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix is reported with infiltrating mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma of the peritionium and a pseudomyxoma peritonei

Stilling - Turk - Duane syndrome

A review of Duane syndrome, with report of seven cases