relationship of severe early childhood caries and body mass index in a group of 3- to 6-year-old children in Shiraz

Statement of Problem: Early childhood caries can cause pain, discomfort and also inability to have a healthy nutrition .Malnutrition can be characterized when there is a weight, height, and body mass index [BMI] deficiency

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the severe early childhood caries [based on the dmft index] and BMI in pre-school children in Shiraz

Materials and Method: A descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was enrolled on 202 healthy preschool children with the age range of 3-6 years recruited from the kindergartens of different socio- economical parts of Shiraz, Iran. The Anthropometric measurements, weight and height were evaluated. The Z-scores were calculated employing WHO Anthro software [www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/ index.html] to elucidate the subject's status on the age- and sex-specific growth chart. Every Child who has received two Z-scores under the normal value [< -2] was considered as abnormal. The relationship between dmft index and BMI was then investigated

Results: The mean of dmft was 4.13. From children with severe early childhood caries, 12.5%were under weight, 5% had height deficiency and 19.5% had BMI deficiency, however, there was no significant relationship between increasing dmft and the height, weight and BMI deficiency

Conclusion: There was not a linear correlation between severe early childhood caries and BMI, height, and weight deficiency. An incidence of 55% was yielded for severe early childhood caries which was an additional finding of this study

[ survey of unsafe acts as the risk factors of accidents in using taxis for intercity travelling in Tehran]

Car accidents as global concern are expanding in developing countries. Since the majority of taxi traffic accidents are not caused by travelers and are concerned to taxi drivers, other vehicles on the street and people in pavements, aim of this study was survey unsafe acts of taxi drivers as big group of occupational drivers. Due to an approximate discipline in working of linear taxi drivers than others, especially in terms of hours and duration of daily work, were selected for this study. Drivers' Unsafe Acts checklist with 30 given act were prepared and completed by trained personnel as a passenger in the taxi. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software version 18 and used t-test and spearman correlation coefficient. Results showed that most of linear taxi drivers of Tehran city [57.2%] have the cheapest domestic production car [pride and Paykan]. The frequency of total unsafe acts of linear taxi of Tehran city was about 52.5% and more than 46% of drivers unsafe acts were frequency more than 80%. About 50% of taxi drivers did not wear seat belt and the most of them [95.6%] did not pay attention to wearing seat belt of their passengers. Kilometer display 35.4% of taxi drivers in this study have failure and this issue is so important in drivers' perceptual judgment. According to result of current study the frequency of taxi drivers' unsafe act are very high and thus, effective interventions program for promotion of safety attitude and control taxi drivers' unsafe act is necessary.

[Frequency of dysplastic and cancerous Pap smear and genotyping of human papillomavirus by DNA probe techniques in Kerman, Iran]

Around the world, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Today, screening programs have reduced morbidity and mortality rates of this disease. Epidemiological and molecular studies have shown that certain types of the human papillomavirus are carcinogen types and the primary cause of cervical cancer. HPV type 16 and 18 are the most common high-risk types. In this study, frequency of different HPV genotypes in women who referred for a routine visit to an outpatient clinic of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran, has been obtained by DNA probe technique. Our study is a cross-sectional, analytic study on 20000 Pap smear samples over four consecutive years among women in reproductive ages [15-50 years] referred to University centers and private institutions in Kerman, Iran. All samples were collected in the laboratory of Afzalipour, and Bahonar Hospitals, and private institutions. The typical samples of dysplasia and cancer were reviewed by two pathologists and a pathology assistant according to the World Health Organization standards. The samples were examined after DNA extraction and molecular DNA probe technique. 62 cases of 82 Pap smear samples were dysplastic and 20 samples were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]. Moreover, 20 cases [32.2%] of dysplastic Pap smears and 12 cases [60%] of SCC samples were HPV positive. A total of 32 patients [39%] were positive for HPV. Of all samples only two were genotype 18 [25.6%], one was a mixture of 16 and 31 genotypes, and the remaining were all genotype 16 [93.75%]. In the comparison between dysplasia severity [mild, moderate, and severe] and the HPV status [+ or -], and also the relation between age and status of HPV and the severity of dysplasia no relations were found. However, there was a significant relation between detection [dysplasia, SCC] and the HPV status, and also the relation between age and type of lesion diagnosis. Based on the findings of our study and the Iranian culture, prevalence of HPV infection among women with cervical cancer is less common than in other countries. HPV type 16, which is a carcinogenic genotype, was the predominant genotype

[Comparison of bleeding and transfusion in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting with and without cardiopulmonary bypass]

Excessive Bleeding continues to play a key role and an important cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB]. The goal of this study was to determine the differences in bleeding and transfusion between OPCAB and on -pump CABG patients. In a randomized, double blinded prospective study 300 patient's undergoing coronary revascularization surgery were enrolled, 150 CABG patients were compared with 150 OPCAB patients. The patients were assessed during the first 72 hours to determine the postoperative side effects. The 2 groups were compared using the chi-square test or fisher's exact test and the rank sum test. CABG patients received more intraoperative red blood cells [P<0.0001], more albumin and more fresh- frozen plasma [P<0.0001]. Postoperatively, CABG patients were more likely to receive more platelets [29.3% ? 70.7%, P<0.007]. During the operative and the initial 4-hour postoperative period OPCAB patients exhibited greater blood loss [P<0.0001]; however, at 12,24and 72 hours postoperatively, CABG patients exhibited greater blood loss. There were4 death in CABG patients [P<0.05]. Despite not reversing the heparin at the end of the OPCAB surgery, OPCAB surgery was associated with an overall reduction in platelets, fresh- frozen plasma, Albumin and transfusion requirements

[ risk factors affecting blood transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedure related to gender]

Females were reported to have significantly lower hematocrit [Hct], which might be the cause of increased need for blood transfusion. The goal of this study is to determine risk factors affecting blood transfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedure related to gender A cross sectional review of 500 [306 males and 194 females] ASA physical status I or Il patients undergoing bypass procedures with saphenous vein graft performed over a one year period were included in this study. The conducting of anesthesia was standardized. For each patient, we recorded the gender, age, body weight, height, body surface area [BSA], and duration of surgery. Hematocrit levels prior to surgery and the end of surgery were recorded. Packed red blood cell [PRBC] administration and use of fresh frozen plasma [FFP] and platelets were noted. Differences between the data for female and male patients were evaluated using Student's t-test, Chi-square test and using regression analysis. Approximately 57.2% [111] female and only 39.9% [121] male patients received PRBCs. On average, females received 1. 6 units of PRBCs intraoperatively and 2. 6 units of PRBCs during the entire hospital stay, while the males received 1.1 units and 1.8 units for similar periods [P=0.0001]. When females and males were compared within the same subgroups for age, body surface area [BSA], duration of surgery, and preoperative Hct, etc. ...had a significant correlation with age, postoperative Hct and BSA in females but had a significant correlation with preoperative Hct, preoperative PRBC and duration of surgery in males [P<0.05]. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the probability of a patient receiving or not receiving PRBC transfusion is significantly influenced by preoperative Hct, postoperative Hct, duration of surgery, preoperative PRBC mass, and gender. Gender is an independent essential determinant of blood transfusion in CABG patients, and may interact with BSA, preoperative Hct, duration of surgery and other factors in determining the probability of transfusion

[Comparison of excyclotorsion induced by two surgical methods in rabbit eyes]

Compaison of excyclotorsion induced by horizontal transposition of vertical rectus muscles versus vertical transposition of horizontal rectus muscles in rabbit eyes. In this exprimental study, group 1 underwent full tendon nasal transposition of the superior rectus and full tendon temporal transposition of the inferior rectus [10 adult rabbits]; group 2 underwent superior transposition of the lateral rectus and inferior tranposition of the medical rectus [10 adult rabbits]. External limbal marking was used to estimate the magnitude of excyclotorsion resulting from muscle surgery. The mean angle of excyclotorsion in group 1 was 31 +/- 1.8 degree, ranging from 28-35 degree. The mean angle of excyclotorsion in group 2 was 12.85 +/- 1.6 degree, ranging from 10-16 degree. Excyclotorsion induced by horizontal transposition of vertical rectus muscles was significantly larger than that induced by vertical transposition of horizontal rectus muscles [P<0.001]. The amount of excyclotorsion after LR displacement [1.1 +/- 0.8 degree] was significantly smaller than the amount of excyclotorsion after MR displacement [12.6 +/- 1.7 degree] [P<0.001]. Althaugh the mean angle of excyclotorsion induced by horizontal transposition of vertical rectus muscles was larger than that of vertical transposition of horizontal rectus muscles, superior displacement of the LR muscle induced no significant change in globe torsion. The torsional effect of horizontal transposition of vertical rectus muscles can be changed varying amounts of globe torsion

[Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular volume in echocardiography and nuclear myocardial perfusion scan]

Radionuclide scanning of the heart has incremental value in diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease. Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT is a new method and the state of the art in coronary artery disease detection. This study was done to evaluate estimation of LV volume, wall motion diameters and ejection fraction by gated myocardial perfusion scan and make a comparison with trans thoracic echocardiography. In this cross-sectional descriptive study during Sep 2001- Dec 2002, 68 patients suspected of IHD who were referred to nuclear Medicine Department of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were under taken gated myocardial perfusion SPECT, and then referred to echocardiography unit for trans thoracic echocardiography. LV volume, ejection fraction, regional wall motion in different views of 2D-echo was recorded and the results were compared by descriptive statistics. This study was performed on 68 patients. The mean age of patients was 52.8 [min: 38, Max: 75]. 54% of patients were male and 46% were female. Mean end systolic volumes of LV was 32.4ml [sd: 37.1] estimated by echocardiography and 68.3ml [sd: 52.2] stimated by radionuclide scan [pv: 0.00]. Mean end diastolic volume of LV was 129.6ml [sd: 45.8] in echocardiography and 143.7ml [sd: 46.23] in radionuclide scanning [pv: 0.00]. Mean ejection fraction value of LV was 54.6 [sd: 12.44] estimated by echocardiography and 54 [sd: 12.94] by radionuclide scan [pv: 0.00]. Left ventricular end systolic and diastolic volumes and ejection fraction, obtained by gated myocardial perfusion scan and echocardiography, had significant statistic correlations and estimation of LV wall motions and ejection fraction by gated SPECT was as echocardiography

[Fracture resistance of root canal treated maxillary central incisors restored with FRC post in extensive composite restorations]

Using the post is one of the most important sequences in restoring endodontically treated teeth. It dates back more than 200 years as the most popular method of root canal treated teeth restoration; and still is an acceptable method of increasing retention and resistance in such teeth. When there is enough sound tooth structure, restoring the tooth with adhesive restoration is the best choice. New tooth-colored adhesive posts are compatible with conservative and esthetic technique. But the question still remained: how much of remaining tooth structure is enough to resist the forces, without using the post? The purpose of this comparative in vitro study was to determine compressive fracture resistance of crown in endodontically treated maxillary incisor teeth restored with or without adhesive tooth colored post and also in intact teeth. Thirty extracted maxillary central incisors were selected and allocated to three groups each of ten teeth. Group 1 teeth were kept intact as control. Group 2 were endodontically treated teeth with two approximal class III cavities in the middle one third of incisogingivally that were connected to access cavity, then restored with composite. Group 3 were endodontically treated and prepared teeth, similar to group 2 and received light post DT [RTDTM] and restored with composite. Then, the samples were loaded until fracture was happened in pull test machine. Mean values of forces required for fracture and mode of fracture were recorded. Mean fracture strength in group 1 was 68.67, in group 2, 41.44 and in group 3, 21.45 Kgf. Comparison of fracture resistance with one way ANOVA was statistically significant. Failure mode of group 3 was more repairable than group 2. Fracture strength in teeth resorted with post was less than the other groups. While considering more time and cost in using posts, this study does not recommend it in similar situations