Hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors in health-care workers at Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt

The objectives of this study were to document the background prevalence and incidence of HCV infection among HCWs in Ain Shams University Hospitals in Cairo and analyse the risk factors for HCV infection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2008 among 1770 HCWs. Anti-HCV prevalence was age-standardized using the Cairo population. A prospective cohort was followed for a period of 18 months to estimate HCV incidence. The crude anti-HCV prevalence was 8.0% and the age-standardized seroprevalence was 8.1%. Risk factors independently associated with HCV seropositivity were: age, manual worker, history of blood transfusions and history of parenteral anti-schistosomiasis treatment. The estimated incidence of HCV infection was 7.3 per 1000 person-years. HCWs in this setting had a similar high HCV seroprevalence as the general population of greater Cairo

Association of lipoprotein lipase gene with coronary heart disease in Sudanese population

Cardiovascular disease is stabilizing in high-income countries and has continued to rise in low-to-middle-income countries. Association of lipid profile with lipoprotein lipase gene was studied in case and control subject. The family history, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and alcohol consumption were the most risk factors for early-onset of coronary heart disease [CHD]. Sudanese patients had significantly [P < 0.05] lower TC and LDL-C levels compared to controls. Allele frequency of LPL D9N, N291S and S447X carrier genotype was 4.2%, 30.7% and 7.1%, respectively. We conclude that lipoprotein lipase polymorphism was not associated with the incidence of CHD in Sudan

Population ecology of mosquitoes and the status of bancroftian filariasis in el Dakahlia governorate, the Nile Delta, Egypt

Mosquitoes were surveyed [Oct. 2010 and Apr. - Oct. 2011] in some localities representing 13 centers of El-Dakahlia Governorate. Six mosquito species were collected: Culex pipiens, Cx. antennatus, Cx. perexiguus, Ochlerotatus detritus, Anopheles pharoensis and An. tenebrosus. Culex pipiens was predominating [ca 79% larvae, 51% adults]. Culex antennatus and Cx. perexiguus were also common. Of the Four types of the breeding habitats, the drainage canals were the most productive [53.4% larvae]. For the three common species, the compiled larval density increases as water temp, increased and decreases as pH increased while adult indoor density increases as indoor and outdoor temp, and indoor RH increased and decreases as outdoor RH increased. Cx. pipiens significantly associated with Cx. antennatus [C[AB]=0.88 and I=0.48] while Cx. antennatus has a moderate association with Cx. perexiguus [C[AB]=0.47 and I=0.36]. Out of 908 examined blood samples from ten centers, 7.49% were infected with Wuchereria bancrofti. The highest infection rates in some centers were associated with high indoor densities of Cx. pipiens females, the main filariasis vector. The situation necessitates a wide vector control program to minimize lymphatic filariasis transmission in this Governorate

Evaluation of ketorolac tromethamine as anti-inflammatory drug for topical applications in treatment of knee osteoarthritis

The non-steroidal anti-inflmmatory drugs [NSAIDs] are used as a classic treatment for painful rheumatic disorders of the knee such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ketorolac tromethamine [KT] is considered as a member of NSAIDs. It is a non-selective cycloxygenase COX inhibitor that is used in treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders. Because KT appears to be associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects mainly irritation to the stomach, change in kidney and liver functions, its use is restricted for the treatment of patients for whom other NSAIDs have been ineffective. The main problems associated with the frequent administration of KT could be overcome by alternative routes of administration. This could be achieved by avoiding the contact between the drug and the stomach through formulating the drug in topical formulations and this was the aim of this work. Seventy osteoarthritis patients were selected and were classified into three groups, KT group [24 patients], piroxicam group [23 patients] and placebo group [23 patients]. Efficacy assessments were done by using the Western Ontario and McMasters Individual Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC-OA] and the WOMAC Composite Index [WOMAC-CI] for pain, stiffness, and physical functions. Tolerability assessments were done by recording any adverse effects at each visit. All adverse effects or unexpected events were recorded in the case record forms. During the study, 8 patients were lost to follow up 2 from piroxicam group, 3 from KT group and 3 from placebo group. The obtained results indicated that, there was no significant difference in efficacy between KT gel and piroxicam gel [p>0.05] in treatment symptoms of osteoarthritis patients. While there was significant difference between either KT gel or piroxicam gel and placebo gel [p<0.05]. No adverse effects were recorded in all groups within the duration of study except two patients in of KT group and one patient in placebo group showed mild skin irritation [erythema]. The clinical evaluation revealed that, therapy with topical KT in carbopol 934 gel was successful to a great extent and produced high efficacy and safety in improving patients symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee

Mosquitoes [diptera: culicidae] in relation to the risk of disease transmission in el Ismailia Governorate, Egypt

Mosquito were surveyed [Nov. 2009 - March 2010] in El Ismailia Governorate. Nine species were reported: Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. antennatus, Anopheles tenebrosus, An. pharoensis, An. multicolor, Ochlerotatus detritus, Oc. cas-pius and Culiseta longiareolata. Culex pipiens was the predominant species [ca. 87% larvae and 57% adults]. For the 3 common species, Cx. pipiens, Cx. perexiguus, and Cx. antennatus the following were examined: [1] the type and characteristics [temperature and pH] of the breeding habitats and their relation to the larval density and [2] the relation of adult indoor density to the indoor and outdoor temperature and RH. The abundance of mosquito vectors in El Ismailia with its old history of vector transmitted diseases contributes to the risk of mosquito borne disease transmission in this area. This would assist in the control activities

Geographical distribution and relative abundance of culicine mosquitoes in relation to transmission of lymphatic filariasis in El Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Culicine mosquito were surveyed in El Menoufia Governorate [October to November 2008 and April to May 2009] in villages representing eight districts. Six species were reported: Culex [Culex] pipiens Linnaeus, Cx. [Cx] perexiguus Theobald, Cx. [Cx.] antennatus [Becker], Aedes [Ochlerotatus] caspius [Pallas], Aedes [Ochlerotatus] detritus [Haliday] and Culiseta [Allotheobaldia] longiareolata [Macquart]. Cx. pipiens, the main filariasis vector was the commonest or predominating species [ca. 47% adults and 92% larvae, P<0.01]. For the common species, the following were investigated: 1-temperature and pH of the breeding habitats and their relation to the larval density and 2-relation of adult indoor density with indoor-and outdoor-temperature and RH. Besides, parasitologically, Wuchereria bancrofti cases [33/631 blood samples, 5.23%] were detected in three districts [range=1.96-14.12% infection]. The cases were associated with the abundance of Cx. pipiens adults [ca. 45-62% of the collected adults]

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: review of 48 cases

To determine the incidence, indications, complications and associated risk factors with emergency peripartum hysterectomy at El-Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. This is a retrospective study of 48 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy done from January 2000 to December 2009. 48 Patients of emergency peripartum hysterectomy were identified among 35,576 deliveries and the incidence rate was [0.13%]. Uterine atony 23 [47.9%], uterine rupture 15 [31.3] and placenta previa with accreta 10 [20.8%] were the most common indications of hysterectomy. Of the atony group, 18 bilateral uterine arteries [78%] and 13 bilateral internal iliac arteries ligation [57%] were performed as conservative surgery before proceeding to hysterectomies. In placenta previa with accreta group, the prior cesarean deliveries were higher compared to both atony and uterine rupture groups and that variable was statistically significant. 16 patients [33.2%] were complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulopathy [11/23 patients in atony group [47.8%], 4/15 patients in uterine rupture group [26.7] and one/10 [10%] in placenta previa with accrete group]. Uterine atony group received the highest volume of transfusion [packed red cells and fresh frozen plasma]. Differences in both gestational age [p<0.01], previous cesarean section [p<0.05] and fetal weight [p<0.05] between the three groups were significant. Placenta previa with accreta group had the highest rate of previous cesarean sections [2 +/- 1.4] suggesting a higher incidence of this complication with repeated cesarean sections. Uterine atony is still the main indication of peripartum hysterectomy. Careful prenatal care is needed for women who are at risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Cesarean deliveries of patient with suspected placenta accreta, specifically those performed due to placenta previa in women with a previous uterine scar, should involve specially trained obstetricians. In addition, detailed informed consent about the possibility of emergency peripartum hysterectomy and associated morbidity should be obtained

Spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods for the determination of cefprozil, dropropizine and tizanidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations

Two simple, accurate spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods were developed for the determination of cefprozil, dropropizine and tizanidine hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical preparations. The spectrophotometric method is based on the selective oxidation of cefprozil or tizanidine with N-bromosuccinimide in an alkaline medium to given an intense yellow product with a maximum absorption at 396 or 384 nm, respectively. The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. The reaction obeyed Beer's law over the concentration range 5-40 and 10-80 micro g mI[-1] for cefprozil and tizanidine hydrochloride, respectively. The potentiometric method involves the direct titration of cefprozil and dropropizine with N-bromosuccinimide in sulphuric acid medium and the end point is determined potentiometrically using platinum electrode. Cefprozil and dropropizine can be determined quantitatively in the concentration range of 0.13-1.30 and 0.118-1.180 mg with recovery values of 98.46-100.77 and 99.58-100.85% and relative standard deviations 0.39-0.54 and 0.52-0.87% for cefprozil and dropropizine, respectively. The proposed methods are applied for the determination of these drugs in pure forms and in pharmaceutical preparations

Hematological changes in mice exposed to biting of the bedbug: Cimex lectularius L. [Hemiptera: Cimicidae]

The studies on hematologic changes in humans or animals as a result of bedbug bites are lacking. This study was undertaken to examine changes in the blood picture of mice [Mus musculus] exposed to Cimex lectularius biting. As compared to the check animals, mice exposed to bedbug bites either once or twice within 7 days showed insignificantly higher WBC's [1.6 and 2.8% increase, respectively] and lower HGB content [0.5 and 0.8% decrease, respectively] and significantly higher PLT's [P<0.01] by 2.2% and 3.0%, respectively. Significantly higher [P<0.01] RBC's counts in mice bitten once than those of normal animals or those exposed to twice bites [5.3 and 5.9% increase, respectively]. Bedbug biting exerts its effects largely upon the differential WBC's. Mice bitten once or twice showed significantly lower number of neutrophils [1.2% and 12.1% decrease, respectively] than those for normal animals. Mice exposed to twice bites showed significantly [P<0.01] higher numbers of lymphocyte [18.8%], monocyte [13.6%], eosinophil [200.0%] and basophil [500%] than those of normal mice

Quantitative determination of xipamide in pure form and in tablets through complexation with iron [III] chloride

Two simple, accurate, and reproducible spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Xipamide [XIP] in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations were described. The first method was based on the formation of orange complex between iron [III] chloride and the investigated drug. The method permits the determination of XIP over a concentration range 20-160 micro g ml[-1] at 490 nm. The second method was developed by formation of ternary complex by reaction of the drug with Fe [III] chloride and ophenanthroline [phen] in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate as surfactant and measuring the absorbance at 440 nm. The method obeys Beer's law over the concentration range of 10-80 micro g ml[-1]. The factors affecting the formation of complexes were studied and optimized. The relative standard deviations of these methods were less than 1.0% and their detection limits were 2.75-4.45 micro g ml[-1]. The methods have been successfully applied for the determination of the studied drug in its pharmaceutical tablets and the results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the reference method

Susceptibility of bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide in two rodent species and its haematologic effect

Susceptibility levels of the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and the roof rat, Rattus rattus to bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide by bioassay and biochemical methods were studied. Animals were trapped from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates in which the anticoagulant rodenticides were used to control rodents for long periods. Complete mortality was obtained for both species and sexes within standard no-choice feeding test period [4 days] indicating bromadiolone susceptibility. Treatment of rats with LD50 showed high prothrombin times which also indicate the susceptibility of the tested animals. In treated rats, bromadiolone caused significant decrease in the total erythrocytic counts and increase in the total leucocytic counts. In survivors, RBCs, WBCs approximately reached the control levels at day 43 post treatment. Also, treatment decreased neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes but increased the lymphocytes in dead and survived animals more than in controls

Evaluation of gastrografin effect in treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction after failure of conservative treatment

Besides the diagnostic role of oral gastrografin [hyperosmolar contrast media] to differentiate partial from complete small bowel obstruction [SBO] and its predictive value for the need for operative treatment, a potential therapeutic role of this agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction has been suggested. This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of gastrografin in adhesive small bowel obstruction when conservative treatment failed. Patients with symptomsand signs suggestive of adhesive small bowel obstruction [SBO] were given trial conservative treatment unless there was fear of bowel strangulation. Those responded in the initial 48 hours had conservative treatment continued. Patients who showed no improvement in the initial 48 hours were given 100 mL of gastrografin through nasogastric tube followed by serial abdominal radiographs. Patients with the contrast appeared in large bowel within 24 hours were regarded as having partial obstruction and conservative treatment was continued. Patients in which the contrast failed to reach large bowel within 24 hours were considered to have complete obstruction and laparotomy was performed. Eighty patients with episodes of adhesive obstruction were included. Five patients were operated on soon after admission due to fear of strangulation. Forty five patients showed improvement in the initial 48 hours and conservative treatment was continued, two patients had subsequent operations because of persistent obstruction. Thirty episodes of obstruction showed no improvement within 48 hours and gastrografin was administered. The overall operative rate in this study was 10%. There was no complication that could be attributed to the use of gastrografin. The use of gastrografin in adhesive small bowel obstruction after unsuccessful conservative treatment is safe, allows a shorter hospital stay and reduces the need for surgical intervention

Port-site non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case series study

Port-site infection by mycobacterial organism is an unusual complication. This article aims to report the occurrence of port-site mycobacterial infection after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic tools of this unusual complication. This case series study included 7 cases presented by port-site unhealed sinuses after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Al-Azhar University hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Two methods were used to confirm the diagnosis; the bacteriological diagnosis by culture of pus collected from the port-site and histopathological examination of specimens after resection of port-site unhealed sinuses. Bacteriological and histopathological examinations showed the presence of mycobacterial infection in 4 cases [57,1%]. There was a special characteristic picture on sinogram and during surgical excision of the sinuses. All cases cured by meticulous surgery followed by anti-mycobacterial medications. Mycobacterial infection may be one of the causes of port-site delayed wound healing and the treatment should mainly depend on good meticulous surgical excision

High resolution multi-detector row computed tomography in imaging of interstitial lung diseases

To test the role of multi-detector row computed tomography [MDCT] in the imaging of interstitial lung diseases [ILDs]. The present study included 28 patients with ILDs. The diagnosis was based on clinical background, restrictive pulmonary defect and conclusive radiographic or histopathologic findings. All patients were studied using 16-slice MDCT. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias [IIPs] was the diagnosis in 13 patients, sarcoidosis in 7 patients, Langerhans' cell histiocytosis [LCH] in 2 patients, extrinsic allergic alveolitis [EAA] in 2 patients, scleroderma in 2 patients, lymphangioleiomyomatosis [LAM] in one patient and lymphangitis carcinomatosis in one patient. MDCT findings included the pattern of parenchymal abnormalities [ground glass opacities, reticular and linear opacities, cystic lesions, honeycombing, bronchial wall thickening, traction bronchiectasis, nodular opacities, and consolidation], anatomical distribution, and associated findings. MDCT of the chest helps better detection, assessment of distribution, evaluation of extent, and characterization of different findings in ILDs, hence increasing the confidence in the diagnosis

anatomical study of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve: its surgical relevance in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Reports on nerve injury after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft had mainly focused on injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve [IPBSN], with few reports on injury of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve [SBSN]. Was to calculate the prevalence of injury to the SBSN after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon grafts, and to define the level of anatomical termination of the saphenous nerve in relation to the level of the knee joint line and the relation of its sartorial branch to the surrounding tendons so that it could be avoided during hamstring tendon harvesting. The clinical study included 56 patients with a complete tear of the ACL who had arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft. Patients were followed up for a mean period of 28.3 months after surgery. Postoperative evaluation included neurologic examination for any post-surgical numbness and/or hyposthesia at the distribution of IPBSN, SBSN, or both nerves. The anatomical study included cadaveric dissection of the medial aspect of the knee joint of 25 preserved knees. The saphenous nerve was dissected proximal to the knee joint and followed distally till it was divided into its two terminal branches. At 3 months post surgery, numbness and hyposthesia were present at the distribution of the SBSN in 21.4%, at the distribution of the IPBSN in 19.6%, and at the distribution of both nerves in 30.4%. At final follow up, numbness and hyposthesia were present at the distribution of the SBSN in 18.4%, at the distribution of the IPBSN in 10.2%, at the distribution of both nerves in 32.6%. In 68% of the dissected knees, the saphenous nerve gave its two terminal branches at a mean distance of 8 +/- 4.1 [range 3.5-21.5cm] above the knee joint line. In 32%, the level of termination of the saphenous nerve was below the knee joint line by a mean distance of 3 +/- 1.2 [range 1-4cm]. In 92% the saphenous nerve or the SBSN was passing posterior to the sartorius tendon, while in 8% the nerve was anterior to the tendon at the knee joint line. In 68% the saphenous nerve or the SBSN continued distally anterior to the gracilis tendon, while in 16% the SBSN continued distally posterior to it. In 12% the saphenous nerve or the SBSN was lying directly on the gracilis tendon and in 4%, the SBSN was lying deep to the tendon at the knee joint line. In 24% the distance between the saphenous nerve or the SBSN and gracilis tendon was 5 mm or less. In all the knees the saphenous nerve or the SBSN was passing distally anterior to the semitendinosus tendon. The saphenous nerve or its terminal branch the SBSN, are liable to be injured during arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon auto graft. The nerve is at a close anatomical relation with the gracilis tendon. This might predispose the nerve to be damaged during passage of the tendon stripper over the tendon. Injury of the saphenous nerve or its terminal branch [SBSN] might be an intrinsic problem associated with the technique itself

Arthroscopically-assisted internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures: adding an anti-settling screw

Intra-articular fractures of the proximal tibia can often be troublesome because of the early and late arthritic complications of damage of the articular surface, and intra-articular lesions. There are some potential benefits of arthroscopy in solving some of the pitfalls of these fractures. The purpose of this work is to study these benefits, and the benefits of adding an antiglide screw. Fifty patients with tibial plateau fractures were treated in Assiut University hospital. Of these patients only [16 patients] were included in this study. Fourteen were men, and two were women. The age ranged between 27-60 years [mean 43 years]. Inclusion in this study was limited to cases of split split depression, or local depression unicondylar fractures using Schatzker classification. Mean follow up was 15 months [6-24 months]. The post operative clinical evaluation depended on Rasmussen scoring system. The radiological evaluation was according to Honkonen and Jarvinen. Complete anatomical reduction of the fracture fragments was achieved in 14 knees [87.5%]. Up to 2 mm displacement or step off was accepted in two knees [12.5%]. Clinical assessment according to Rasmussen classification was: 10 knees [62.5%] excellent, 4 knees [25%] good, 2 knees [12.5%] fair, and none was poor. Radilogical results were: 13 knees [81.25%] grade one, 2 knees [12.5%] grade two, and one knee [6.25%] grade three. None of the cases was grade four at the final follow up radiograph. The use of arthroscopy allowed precise anatomic reduction of the articular surface in the knee. It is particularly helpful in type two and three injuries with central articular depression which often are difficult to assess on preoperative imaging studies. It is also helpful in assessing other intra-articular injuries as meniscal tears and/or ligamentous injuries and their management if possible. The antiglide screw may help in prevention of loss of reduction

Effect of warfarin anticoagulant rodenticide on the blood cell counts of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus

The effect of the warfarin LD50 on the counts of the blood cells of Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus and roof rat, Rattus rattus from Giza and Qualyobia Governorates was investigated in the laboratory. Warfarin toxication caused significantly different blood cell counts in treated rats compared to control ones. Warfarin significantly decreased the total erythrocytic count and increased the total leucocytic count of treated rats. But, it caused significant de-crease in neutrophrils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes, but significant increase in lymphocytes. The data also showed that in survived rats, WBC count equaled the normal level or slightly exceeded it at 33/43 days post treatment

effect of the host blood on the biology of the sand fly, phlebotomus papatasi [diptera: psychodidae] under laboratory conditions

The effect of the blood of human, Guinea pig and hamster on the different biological aspects of phlebotomid sand fly, Phiebotomus papatasi under laboratory conditions of 28 +/- 2°C, 75 +/- 5% RH and a 14:10 hr. [L:D] photoperiod regime was evaluated. Man was the most preferable host followed by hamster, and then Guinea pig. Human blood gave the highest yield of eggs [mean: 65.15 eggs/female], highest hatchability [mean: 96.23%], shortest egg incubation period [mean: 7.37 days], shortest larval duration [mean: 22.59 days], shortest adult emergence period [mean: 39.73 days] and highest productivity of the adult progeny [mean; 81.75%]. As human blood can not be currently used for laboratory rearing and colonization of sand flies, the hamster may be chosen as source of a substituted blood for the long term colonization of P. papatasi

Two small anterior incisions for harvesting the patellar tendon autograft in arthroscopic reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament

The bone patellar tendon bone graft is known as the gold standard for reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament being strong, rapidly revascularised, and remodeled. The modern trends known are toward minimal invasive surgeries. The aim of this work is to assess the outcome of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when two small longitudinal incisions were used to harvest the graft. The use of two small, anterior longitudinal incisions for harvesting the patellar tendon autograft in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament was assessed in 234 patients. The patients were 211 males, and 23 females. The mean age was 30 years. The patients were 211 males, and 23 females. The mean age was 30 years. The patients were 211 males, and 23 females. The mean age was 30 years. The patients were examined clinically at 2-3 weeks, 6-12 weeks, 6-9 months, and after 2 years postoperatively for wound healing, numbness or anesthesia in the incidence of anterior knee pain. Sutural pus was found in 1.7% of cases. Numbness or anesthesia occurred in 5.1% of cases after 2-3 weeks postoperatively that decreased to 1.2% after 6-9 months. Anterior Knee pain occurred in 8.9% of cases after 6-9 months postoperatively, and it decreased to 1% of cases after 2 years. We believe that using two separate anterior incisions leaving a skin bridge over the patellar tendon helped to decrease the incidence of injury of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, and decreased the incidence of anterior knee pain

Efficacy of botanical extracts from Callitris glaucophylla, against Aedes aegypti and Culex annulirostris mosquitoes

Using standard WHO methodology, this study investigated the susceptibility of 4(th) instar Aedes aegypti (L) and Culex annulirostris (Skuse) larvae to three extracts from Callitris glaucophylla (J. Thompson & L. Johnson) (1: steam distillation extract, 2: liquefied refrigerant gas extract, and 3: methanol reflux extract), lambda-cyhalothrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide) and fenitrothion (an organophosphorous insecticide). Cx. annulirostris was significantly more susceptible than Ae. aegypti to all tested chemicals except lambda-cyhalothrin. Responses to the three C. glaucophylla extracts were exceptional for a botanical compound: Cx. annulirostris (LC(50) = 0.23, 9.53 and 38.95 mg/L) and Ae. aegypti (LC(50) = 0.69, 5.21 and 306.43 mg/L). Both Cx. annulirostris and Ae. aegypti larvae were significantly more susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (LC(50) = 0.00013 and 0.00016 mg/L) than fenitrothion (LC(50) = 0.0009 and 0.004 mg/L). As expected, the pyrethroid and organophosphorous insecticides were far more potent than the crude C. glaucophylla extracts. The steam distilled extract was fractionated and the major components guaiol and citronellic acid were identified and tested. Activities for these major components were lower than observed for the distillate. Minor components include lactones such as eldanolide, and future testing of minor components may indicate the active component.