Exposure assessment of the radon in residential tap water in Kastamonu

Background: It is considered that if radon gas is inhaled and ingested, it is the primary health risks for lung and stomach cancers. This paper presents the measurement results of radon activity concentrations both residential tap water and dam water for Kastamonu city Centre-Turkey. Materials and Methods: The radon activity concentrations of water samples collected from 60 tap waters at four locations and 12 dam water of study area were determined. Radon concentrations were measured using the professional radon monitor AlphaGUARD PQ2000 PRO [Genitron Instruments]. Results: The mean value for all residential tap water samples and dam water samples were ascertained as 0.050 Bq l[-1] and 0.741 Bq l[-1], respectively. The annual effective doses were calculated for the inhalation of radon released to air when water is used and the ingestion of drinking water. The mean values for inhalation and ingestion were found to be 0.1266 micro Sv y[-1] and 0.0105 micro Sv y[-1], respectively. For the radon exposure from ingestion, the annual effective doses were calculated for infants, children, and adults, separately. Conclusion: When the results compared with the internationally recommended safe limits, the tap waters of Kastamonu city Centre is safe for drinking purposes in terms of radon activity concentrations

Retrograde Screw Fixation Results of Coronoid Fractures in Terrible Triad.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the results of coronoid fracture fixation, in terrible triad of elbow injury with retrograde screws. Patients between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed. Six were men and 2 were women. Mean age was 44.5(21-62). Mean follow-up period was 25.25 months (8-50). According to Regan and Morrey classification, 6 of the fractures were Type 3 and 2 were Type 2. All cases were operated with single lateral incision. For coronoid fracture, reduction was maintained from anterior aspect and fixed with posterior percutaneous screws which were single 4.5 mm screw in 3 patients and double 3.5 mm screws in 5 patients. Mini and micro cannulated screws for 4 patients and anatomic radial head plates for 4 patients were used for radial head fractures. All lateral ligament complex repairs were performed with bone tunnel technique. The results of the treatment were evaluated with Mayo elbow performance scoring system. All the fractures were united and mean union time was 4 months (3-6). Mean active elbow flexion – extension range of motion at last visit was 108.2º (70º-130º). Mean Mayo elbow performance score of the patients was 87.5 (70-100). With retrograde screw fixation of coronoid fractures in terrible triad, we achieved a stable fixation.

Tonsillectomy; quality-of-life improvement in school going children

To determine the quality - of - life benefit derived from Tonsillectomy and its specific impacts. A Cross sectional survey. ENT Department, CMH Rawalpindi. Period: From 01 Jan 2004 to 31 Dec 2004. Material and Methods: The Glasgow Benefit Inventory [GBI] was used to quantify the health benefit of tonsillectomy. Data was collected for demographics and antibiotic use, physician visit, and school days missed due to chronic tonsillitis for 12 months before and after tonsillectomy. This study includes the patients who had undergone tonsillectomy alone. A total of 102 patient met inclusion criteria for this study. Sixty five parents returned complete survey of their children. The mean age was 10.3 years [5-15 years]. The improvements in the total score [ +/- 27.1], general health sub score [ +/- 34.7], social functioning sub score [ +/- 14.2], and physical functioning sub score [9.38] were each statistically significant [P<.001], indicating a significant health benefit of tonsillectomy. Statistically significant decreases in mean weeks receiving antibiotics [-7.8 weeks], mean physician visits [-5.4], and mean schooldays missed [-6.3 days] were noted after tonsillectomy [F<.001]. Tonsillectomy provides a significant quality-of-life improvement for children with chronic tonsillitis. Tonsillectomy also affords decreases in medical resource utilization and missed school days after tonsillectomy. Such factors should be incorporated into decision making when considering tonsillectomy

Pharmacokinetic studies of ranitidine tablets on healthy human subjects using two binders

Ranitidine is an effective H2 receptor antagonist. Ranitidine is a specific, long acting H2 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, GERD and Zollinger Ellison syndrome. In this study two formulations of Ranitidine 300 mg tablets were prepared and film coated. Starch and poly vinyl pyrolidone were used as binding agents to check the effect of the binding materials on the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ranitidine tablets. Different in vitro tests were used to evaluate Ranitidine tablets like disintegration test and dissolution test. Then in vivo evaluation was performed on these two formulations. Tablets were administered to eight normal human subjects comprising of two groups, each group consisted of four normal human subjects one by one in a crossover manner after one week washout period. Blood samples were collected and plasma was obtained and analyzed by HPLC. Statistical analysis was performed and the values for Cmax for formulation 1 were found to be 4.63 +/- 0.47 micro g/ml, and for formulation 2 it was 4.76 +/- 1.02 micro g/ml. The value for Tmax for formulation 1 was found to be 2.0 +/- 0.37 hours, and for formulation 2 it was 1.5 +/- 0.46 hours. The value for AUC for formulation 1 was found to be 18.57 +/- 6.122 micro g/hr/ml and for formulation 2 it was 26.43 +/- 22.38 microg/hr/ml. It was also concluded that different binders affect the bioavailability of the tablets and Ranitidine tablets prepared by polyvinyl pyrolidine have better bioavailability than those tablets prepared by starch as binding agent

Thyroid gland volume in infants, children and adults from Sharkia governorate: Ultrasonographic study

Thyroid ultrasonography has proven a useful and practical method for the assessment of thyroid size.Thyroid ultrasonography were carried out first to determine the standard thyroid volume in normal children and adolescents.Second to establish a standard growth curve of thyroid volume with respect to age, sex, height and weight. We effected sonographic examination of 220 patients [110 females and 110 males] from Sharkia governorate aged between 1 day and 18 years and body weight from 2.0 kg to 90.0 kg. In this study the volume of thyroid glands in newborn is 0.8 ml +/- 0.21 ml. Mean thyroid volume was found 5.5 ml +/- 0.61 ml in 6-8 years old, while it was 17.5 ml +/- 2.35 ml in 14-16 years old male and 15.3 ml +/- 2.51 in 14-16 years old female. The right lobe was larger than the left one in all age groups. Thyroid volume determined by ultrasound in control children increased with age up and was correlated with height and body weight

Ultrastructure, transparency and nutrition of the corneal epithelium in the adult rabbit

The present work aimed to study the ultrastructure of the corneal epithelium of the adult rabbit by the electron microscope in an attempt to gain some insight into the structural-functional relationships. Five young adult male rabbits of domesticated New Zeal and white strain were used in this study. The surface epithelium of the rabbit cornea presented fine irregular microvilli and microplicae with a layer of glycoprotein spread over the surface of the corneal epithelium. There are three types of wing cells on the basis of electron density: Light, medium and dark. Between plasma membranes of the wing cells, many desmosomes, gap junctions and zonula adherens were observed. Hemidesmosomes and gap junctions were presented in the basal layer of cells, which established most of the junctional complexes with the basal lamina. The regular architecture of the corneal epithelium allows light to pass with minimal disruption. The squamous epithelial cells have large stores of glycogen that provide an energy reserve. Moreover, the tight junction in the corneal epithelium offers a significant barrier to ion diffusion across the epithelium