[ transfusion related incidents in polytransfused children: the experience of 11 years of paediatric activity]

In this study, we suggest analyzing the main transfusionnel incidents arisen during the activity of transfusion in the day hospital of the national center of bone-marrow transplant. It was a retrospective study over 11 years enlisting 200 patients all transfused at least once. They were distributed into 111 boys and 89 girls. Their average age was of 9 years [1-25 years]. We call incidental transfusionnel any unexpected or unwanted effect of transfusion origin. This incident is immediate when it arises during 8 days following the transfusion, it is delayed exceeded these deadlines. During these 11 years of activities our 200 patients received 22680 pockets of blood. The main transfusion indications were beta thalassemia major in 135 cases and sickle cell disease in 48 cases. Thirty five immediate incidents arose [17.5 per cent] [0.016 incidents / patient/ year]. Twenty eight delayed incidents were noted [14 per cent] [0.012 incidents / patient/ year]. The transfusions related incidents stay rare events. However their census and their compulsory declaration are indispensables to improve the transfusion security

[Jacobsen syndrome: a case report]

The Jacobsen syndrome is a malformatif syndrome characterized by a distal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11. It associates facial dysmorphism, visceral and skeletal anomalies and thrombocytopenia. We describe a Jacobsen syndrome in an infant. The diagnosis was suspected because of association of facial dysmorphism, interventricular septal defect, a malrotation of the mesenteric axis, toes abnormalities and thrombocytopenia. The disease was confirmed by genetic analysis which shows a terminal deletion 11 q2.4. Jacobsen syndrome is a possible cause on thrombocytopenia. We shall evocate it if a malformatif syndrome is associated

[Rickets secondary to celiac disease [a study of new case]]

Rickets secondary to celiac disease is rarely reported in children. We report a new paediatric observation. A 4-year-old girl presented for pallor associated with genu valgum evolving since the age of 3 years. She had experienced intermittent diarrhea since the age of 2 years. Physical examination revealed signs of rickets. Phosphocalcic assessment was disturbed with hypocalcaemia, hyperparathyroidism, low urinary calcium level and elevated level of serum total alkaline phosphatase. Radiography revealed metaphysical epiphysis abnormalities. The result of antibody screening for celiac disease [anti-gliadin, antiendyomysial and antitissue transglutaminase antibodies] was highly positive. Histological examination of duodenal biopsy showed an atrophy of the intestinal mucous membrane suggestive of celiac disease. Treatment with a gluten-free diety yielded remarkable improvement. Celiac disease should be considered in children with rickets, especially because intestinal symptoms may be mild

[Osteoporosis in tunisian major beta thalassemic patients a study of 64 pediatric cases]

Osteoporosis has been described extensively in adult thalassemics. Fewer studies have been reported in thalassemic children. Study the frequency and outcome of osteoporosis in Tunisian major beta thalassemic children and to identify principal clinical risk factors and biological characteristics of its occurrence. It's a prospective study enrolled between 1 January and 31 December 2008. 64 thalassemic major patients were evaluated. The study of bone mineral density was provided by X-ray photon. Osteoporosis was defined by Z score beta -2SD at lumbar [L1-L4] sites. 30 of patients studied [46.87 per cent] had a Z score beta 2-SD. Compared with non-osteoporotic patients we have identified as risk factors: the age of the patient [p = 0.001]. The number of transfusion [p = 0.002] and the increased of the annual consumption of blood [p = 0.02]. We found a larger number of growth retardation [p =0.004]. Iron overload was greater in the group of osteoporotic patients [p = 0.04]. The sex, age at diagnosis, the average of hemoglobin, the status of viral hepatitis B and C, the incidence of allo or auto-immunization, and thyroid status seem to have no influence the occurrence of osteoporosis in our study. The onset of osteoporosis is associated directly to higher transfusion requirements and age > 12 years

[Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: a spare cause of prolonged fever in female infant]

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia [AED] is a rare, hereditary genodermatosis classically X-linked recessive disorder. Autosomic transmission is exceptional. The prolonged non-explicated fever could be a circumstance of diagnosis. Salsabil is a 14 month-old-girl. She was admitted with fever at the age of 29 days. Physical examination and bacteriogical findings were normal. Salsabil was admitted several times for "prolonged fever". In the last counseling Salsabil had a discrete facial dismorphy, desquamated dry skin, sparse, fine and slowly growing hair. Inflammatory assessment was normal. Salsabil's mother history taking revealed that Salsabil never sweats. The absence of sweat glands in skin biopsy leaded to the diagnosis of AED. Salsabil had no immunity disorder. The non explicated prolonged fever with a normal inflammatory assessment could be a circumstance of the diagnosis of AED. It is classically X-linked disease but autosomic transmission exists

[Splenectomy among thalassemia major patients: a study of 44 cases]

The present study was designed to explore the principle indications of splenectomy in transfusion dependant thalassemie patients and to evaluate incidence, risk factors and degree of severity of splenectomy among these patients. In a retrospective analysis, we identified patients with thalassemia major who underwent splenectomy within an 9 years period. Transfusion needs were calculated by the volume of annual blood units devided by the patients' weight at the middle of the same period. Occurrence of hypersplenism is defined by transfusion's requirement over 250ml/kg/year with or without periphericcytopenia. Statistical analysis was carried out using software [SPSS version 11.5]. 44 thalassemie patients took part in the study [mean age, 13 years; range: 42 months-18years]. The mean age of splenectomy was 6 years and 9months [2years-1 Syears and Gmonths]. The mean indication of splenectomy was the increase of transfusion requirement. Pneumococcal, haemophilus influenzae and meningococcal A+C vaccinations were administered respectively to 97.7 per cent, 88.6 per cent and 90.9 per cent of patients. We assisted clinically to a reduction of transfusion requirement and biologically to the increase of haemoglobin's mean level. Ferritinemia and iron overload were notably decreased. Of the 44 patients who underwent splenectomy 10 developed complications [22.7 per cent]. Splenectomy is also beneficial in treating thalassemia major. It reduces patients' transfusion requirement and iron overload and increases the mean level of haemoglobin. Overwhelming post splenectomy infection remains a serious complication in these patients

[Fanconi's anemia with early onset a case report]

Fanconi's anemia [LA] is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the association of progressive pancytopenia, congenital abnormalities and predisposition to cancer. Usually, diagnosis is made at school age. Exceptionally, the desease may occur early since the neonatal period. We report a case of Fanconi's anemia with early onset at an infant aged of ten months who presented with congenital malformations: microcephaly, triangular face, bilateral radial defects, renal and genital abnormalities. At the age of 10 months, the patient developed brownish spots and a pancytopenia. The diagnosis of FA is confirmed by bone marrow biopsy and cytogenetic study. The patient died at the age of 14 months by septic shock. The possibility of early onset of BA anemia must consider this diagnosis in every case of aplastic anemia regardless of the age even in the absence of typical congenital abnormalities

[Myelodysplasia with monosomia 7 in child. study about 2 observations treated by backbone transplant]

The myelodysplasia with monosomia 7 is a rare clonal haemopathy in child. Its characterized by defect of haematopofetic souche cell maturation explaining the board of the rich backbone cytopenia. The severe prognosis of this affectiOn [death linked to the medullar deficiency or to the refractory myeloblastic acute leukaemia] justify the backbone transplant if there is an intra-familial blood donor. The other therapeutical approaches remain experimental. We report two observations of myelodysplasia with monosomia 7 in two girls aged of 8 years old and a half and 10 years revealed by cutaneous palor without tumoral syndrome. The biological balance revealed a pancytopenia in one case and an isolated macrocytary anaemia in the other case. The myelogram confirmed the myelodysplasia diagnosis providing a riche marrow with presence of dyserythropofesis signs. The medular caryotype confirmed the monosomia 7 by revealing a chromosomic cellular clone 45 XX-7. The backbone transplant practized in these two girls permetted to normalize the haemogram and to disappear the chromosomic anomalies in the one from them. The second is dead in the 73rd day following the graft reaction against the host and a cytomegalovirus digestive infection