[Evaluation of correlative factor of backache and headache after spinal anesthesia in orthopedic surgery]

Spinal Anesthesia [S.A] is currently becoming a more common and popular method for orthopedic surgeries. Unfortunately, Backache [BA] and Post Dural Puncture Headache [PDPH] are both frequent and troublesome. Several factors [including needle shape and size, frequency rates of puncture attempts, and age and gender] have been shown to affect the rates of such complications. To determine these factors and evaluate some modalities to prevent them. This is a prospective study on 200 patients- 15 to 65 years old with class type 1 and 2 A.S.A [American Society of Anesthesiology], who were candidates for orthopedic lower extremity surgeries. Anesthetic procedure was performed using a standard 24G needle L idocaine 5% plus Epinephrine. Symptom questionnaire was filled for the history of Headache and Backache and history of former S.A. postop puncture complications of 1[st] day, 1[st] week and 1[st] month were added to the forms. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and the results were considered significant at p<0.05. Rates of BA and PDPH were 12.5% and 17%, respectively. Post anesthetic BA for first day, week, and month were 16%, 9%, and 3.5%, respectively and PDPH were 6.5%, 3.5% and 1% respectively with no significant differences. History of former spinal anesthesia with BA and PDPH revealed notable differences [p<0.001]. The results of this study support the idea that history of previous spinal anesthesia could be a triggering factor for backache and headache in prior Spinal anesthetic procedures

[Prevalence of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in neonates born in Tehran-Iran [2008-09]]

Regarding to probable high frequency of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD] deficiency in Iran, screening of all neonates by cord blood is under consideration. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in newborns and the relation between gender, jaundice, hemolysis, anemia and the G6PD deficiency in neonated born in in Tehran, Iran. In this descriptive study, cord blood of 450 neonates born in Akbarabady hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2008-09 were screened. Demographic information was recorded by questionnaires and the newborns were examined for detection of jaundice till discharge. G6PD level was determined by Fluorescent Spot Test [FST]. G6PD deficient neonate were put under close observation for detection of jaundice. Enzyme activity was rechecked by spectrophotometry. Nine neonates out of 450 were G6PD deficient [8 boys and one girl]. Prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 2% [3.3% for boys and 0.5% for girls]. Six neonates of nine G6PD deficient neonates [66%] developed pathologic jaundice. Four neonates were managed by phototherapy and two by exchange transfusion. This study showed that G6PD deficiency is more prevalate among male neonates, therefore, G6PD determination is recommended to prevent the possible neonatal jaundice

Comparative screening of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women population in Tehran, Iran

There are more than 30 different sexually transmissible agents while the most common one is Chlamydia trachomatis. In this prospective study, we decided to compare the prevalence of infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic females. Two hundred sixty urine samples of women in two groups [symptomatic and asymptomatic] were collected from patients attending Mehrad Hospital in Tehran, Iran and tested by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty nine women in both groups were infected [14.99%], while 27/130 subjects were in symptomatic group [20.76%], compared with 12/130 person in asymptomatic group [9.23%]. No statistically significant difference was found between two groups. Data analysis showed infection with C. trachomatis in symptomatic women to be significantly associated with history of sexually transmitted infections, white blood cells in urine and epithelial cells in urine. The present study recommends that targeted screening programs in high risk sexually active women [like as individuals who had a history of STIs] are needed as part of case-finding strategies and treatment

[Evaluation of BIS alteration and pupil dilatation after arterial unclamping following vascular anastomosis in kidney transplant surgery]

Renal transplantation is the best method of treatment for renal failure and anesthetic management during this procedure is of great importance. Proper dosage of the anesthetic drug for maintaining the respective depth is crucial as well. Arterial unclamping following anastomosis between the donor and recipient's kidney vessels, during which the functional kidney is inserted in the recipient's circulation, is a critical step in transplantation. To investigate the changes in Bispectral number and pupil dilatation as confirmed and probable markers of anesthesia depth have been investigated. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 25 patients undergoing renal transplantation in Razi hospital. Alteration in the depth of anesthesia was analyzed using BIS [Bispectral] index [at unclamping moment and its highest value within five minutes following unclamping] as well as pupil dilatation [5 minutes after unclamping]. All the patients underwent identical method of general anesthesia. Data were analyzed using SPSS version16, paired t- test and Mann-Whitney U test. Mean and SD value of the maximum BIS number within 5 minutes after arterial unclamping [68/32 +/- 9/13] and its value at unclamping moment [59/48 +/- 10/65] were significantly different [P<0.0001].The pupil became wider in 84% of the patients immediately after unclamping. No significant relationship was found between the pupil size and BIS change. Considering the present findings, it seems that the depth of anesthesia declines after arterial unclamping following vascular anastomosis of the transplanted kidney. We also found a new sign in kidney transplantation anesthesia, introduced as "PUPIL SIGN", that happens prior to urination from the transplanted kidney, which could have clinical implications for early prognosis of transplantation success

[Multiple pseudotumors of the liver associated with adenocarcinoma of the colon: a case report]

Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor [IPT] is a rare non-neoplastic process of unknown etiology, generally following a benign inflammatory condition. It is often mistaken as an either primary or metastatic malignancy in imaging studies. We report a 48 year-old female with numerous target lesions [2-4 cm] seen on high resolution ultrasound, spiral CT scan, and MRI in all liver lobes compatible with metastasis. Guided biopsies of the lesions were performed twice, but the pathologies showed no evidence of malignancy. Colonoscopy revealed adenocarcinoma of the colon. This case highlights liver pseudotumor in the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumoral lesions

[Exposure rate of cardiovascular risk factors among clients of health-care clinics in Kashan, Autumn 2010]

Background and aim: Cardiovascular diseases are noncontiguous diseases which are caused by various factors. One of the most important of these factors is an unhealthy lifestyle. In Iran this disease has been one of the problems of this late decade and in other words, in comparison with the 10 main causes of death in 2009, it has been the most prevalent death factor in Kashan. The main purpose of this research, considering this problem, was investigating the encountering rate of cardiovascular risk factors in Kashan

Methods: This descriptive study was based on 336 clients who were selected through cluster sampling in health-care clinics in Kashan. The data was gathered through filling out questionnaires. These questionnaires consisted of five separate parts on information about: demographic, disease background, nutrition, smoking and physical activity. The research data was analyzed using Chi-square test

Results: BMI mean among the samples was 25.69. The common and main risk factor among these people include: consuming fried food [%97.9], low consumption of fish [%90.8], low consumption of grain [%79.8], low consumption of egg [%75.3], high consumption of meat [%69./3], high consumption of sweet or candy [%67.9], eating fatty food [%66.7] and with little physical activity [%66.4]. There are significant relationships between life style and gender [P=0.016] and education [P=0.019], also physical activity and job [P=0.013]

Conclusion: According to the obtained results in this study, the client's life styles were not in an appropriate condition. So there is a need to pay more attention to inform people to reduce the amount of fried food, meat, fatty food and sweet and increase the balanced amounts of fish, grain and cereal, egg, fruit, vegetable in their diets. It is also recommended that they should increase body activities and decrease smoking

Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma genitalium in pregnant women of Sabzevar- Iran

As prenatal screening for sexually transmitted infections and treatment of infected pregnant women is not routinely performed in Iran and prevalence of two sexually transmitted pathogens, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, in Sabzevar [east of Iran] is unknown, we decided to perform this prospective study. One hundred ninety-six urine specimens of pregnant women attending the specialized maternity hospital of the city were collected and tested by duplex PCR. A total of 31 specimens were positive [15.81%] [27 Chlamydia trachomatis isolates, 13.77%; and 2 Mycoplasma genitalium isolates, 1.02%]. Co-infection with both species was detected in 2 specimens [1.02%]. A significant correlation was found between preterm labor and infection [P-value < 0.05]. The present study shows high prevalence of Chlamydial infections in comparison with Mycoplasma genitalium in this region. Further studies with larger sample size and more focused on different groups at risk are needed for a movement towards prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections [STIs]

[ review on pharmacological effects of curcuma longa L. [turmeric]]

Turmeric has a long history for food additive and medicinal uses. In Asian traditional medical systems turmeric has been expected to be a therapeutic or preventive agent for several human diseases including: gastrointestinal symptoms, liver disease, kidney stone, rheumatic and menstrual disorders. Due to its current uses as well as its pharmacological effects further information needs for future clinical studies. The aim of this review was to provide an update overview of research studies focused on the pharmacological effects of turmeric and its active component curcumin. A computerized search of published articles was performed using the electronic database such as MEDLINE from 1980 to 2009. The large numbers of articles published on pharmacological effects of turmeric over recent three decade. Turmeric and its active component curcumin exert several pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and immunomudulator as observed in experimental and some clinical studies. The present scientific-based evidence provide good information about pharmacological effects of turmeric. These information may be useful to researcher for induction of clinical trial for this herbal medicine in treatment of traditionally recognized application such as cancer, liver, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes

Prevalence of methicilin resistance staphylococcus aureus in different wards of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, in 2007-2008

Always Staphylococcus aureus is among the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The unique ability of this organism to develop resistance to virtually any new antibacterial agent reflects the extraordinary capacity of this organism to adapt and survive in a great variety of environments. The purpose of this study is the detection of prevalence of Methicilin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus [MRSA] in Imam Hossein Hospital, in Tehran. This prevalence helps us to apply the best and correct antibiotic for this pathogen. For this cross sectional study- all samples of admitted patients [with a suspicion of infection], were evaluated from Nov. 2007 to Aug. 2008. Isolated staphylococci- tested for methicilin sensitivity by disc diffusion method [Methicilin disc]. Of 6640 tested samples, 143 [2.1%] revealed to be positive for Staphylococcus aureus of whom 113 [79%] were MRSA. Logistic regression showed a significant association between wards with prevalence of MRSA [p<0.028]. The prevalence was more visible in Orthopedic, Neurologic Wards, and ICU. In this study there was no association between gender, sample type and age of patients with MRSA rate. In our study, prevalence of MRSA infection in Imam Hosein Hospital was 79%. Different Hospitals should identify prevalence of MRSA in different wards and declare causes of more prevalence in some wards then a coordinated program would lead to measures designed to reduce this incidence. The results highlight the need for effective implementation of infection control measures in the hospital. There is a need for the judicious use of antimicrobial agents in the hospital and outside as their indiscriminate use can exert pressure in selecting out MRSA and other multidrug resistant organisms

Association of breast artery calcification with coronary artery disease and carotid intima-media thickness in premenopausal women

This study investigated whether breast arterial calcification [BAC] has an association with coronary artery diseases [CAD] in young premenopausal women and evaluated the association of BAC with carotid intima-media thickness and standard CAD risk factors. Among 84 premenopausal women aged < 55 years who were referred for coronary angiography, 34 [40.5%] had abnormal angiographic findings and 6 [7.1%] showed BAC in their mammograms. The body mass index of patients with BAC was significantly higher than those without BAC. BAC had no significant association with angiography-confirmed CAD

[Description of UTI in patients with renal transplantation admitted in labafinegad hospital from 1384 to 1385]

Background: the renal transplantation is now the treatment of choice for ESRD. Urinary tract is the most common site for infection after kidney transplantation. The different clinical and microbiological aspects of UTI in renal transplantation

Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study, the clinical manifestation at the time of admission, past medical history, the time of transplantation and the result of laboratory data including U/A, U/C and CBC of patients with kidney transplantation and probable UTI were collected and analysed in SPSS 11/5

Results: in 122 patients with UTI, 61 patients [50%] were admitted with fever, chilliness and weakness without urinary signs and symptoms. the interval between transplantation and infection was 1 month in 19 patients [15/6%], 1-3 month in 23 patients [18/9%], 3-6 month in 19 patients [15/6%] and 6-12 month in 12-patients [9/8%]. 49 patients were infected after 12 month. In 56 patients [45/9%] urine culture was negative and in the positive results, E coli was the most common [56%] organism

Conclusion: in this study UTI was occured most of the time in the first years after transplantation and was manifested with nonspecific signs and symptoms in most patients. Urine culture can be negative in near half of the cases

[ comparison of different propofol dose for anesthesia induction based on BIS [bispectral index] monitoring]

Abstract Introduction: Propofol is a new intravenous hypnotic drug that in combine with a short acting opioid have been used in total intravenous anesthesia [TIVA]. The BIS provides additional information for standard monitoring techniques to recognize depth of sleep and achieve the appropriate dose of drug

Objective: Comparison of different propofol dose for anesthesia induction based on BIS [bispectral index] monitoring

Materials and Methods: forty five patients with ASA class I, II who underwent surgical operation on leg fracture were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Group A with a propofol dose of 1mg/kg, Group B at a dose of 1.5mg/kg and Group C at a dose of 2mg/kg were studied. Remifentanyl [0.5mcg/kg] was added to propofol as opioid drug. The method of BIS index [50-60] has been used for determination of consciousness level and the depth of sleep and for achieving the appropriate dose of propofol. The patients were evaluated to determine occurrence of hypotension, bradycardia, the presence of intubation movement and the autonomic signs

Results: The mean levels of BIS was 58.8 +/- 9.85 in the Group A, 50.2 +/- 6.55 in Group B, and 44 +/- 5.65 in Group C. Comparison between the mean levels of BIS revealed that the Group A was significantly different with the other two groups [p=0.009]. Optimum level of BIS was significantly different in 3 groups .group B [%66.7], group A [%40], group C [%20], less than of all groups [P=0.034]. Hypertension incidence following intubation in group A was 33.3% and Group B was [%6.7] and in group C wasn't any hypertension which detected a significantly different between three groups [P=0.018]. Regarding to need further propofol dose, there was a significant difference [P<0.001]. In group A, it was in %40 of cases, and in groups B and C it was not observed. Regarding to tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, movement and autonomic signs, there was no significantly different between 3 groups

Conclusion: It was appeared that group A is not appropriate due to incompatible with BIS, need Further propofol dose and hypertension. Considering the best BIS level in group B and lack of any benefit in group C for further propofol in achieving the optimum level of BIS [50-60], can be concluded that group B with propofol [1.5mg/kg] is the best dose for achieving the desired level of BIS with remifentanil at the mentioned dose

[Effect of hemodynamic propofol and thiopemtal sodium and during electeroconvulsive therapy]

Introduction: For safe conduct of electro convulsive therapy [ECT] and decreasing the tissue physiological complication general anesthesia is recommended to patients

Objective: In this study we compared thiopental sodium and propofol as induction agent for ECT

Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients each undergoing at least 2 sessions of ECT at the psychiatry department were included in the study. Each patient either received thiopental sodium or propofol for induction in a randomized manner. They are in ASA class I, II and don't have any contraindication for ECT. Patients with cardio- vascular problem and stroke were excluded from study. Patients were anesthetized in a randomized manner wit h 2.5 mg/kg thiopental and 1mg/kg propofol in separate session. Muscle relaxant drug dose was the same for all patients. Amount of energy shock administration can lead to effective tonic-clonic seizure in-patient. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate in 1,5 and 10 minute after ECT were evaluated. Meanwhile duration of seizure and verbal eye opening, discharge from recovery room and breathing rhythm in two groups were also evaluated

Results: The mean arterial pressure in proopfol group in 1,5 and 10 minute after ECT was respectively: [88.26 +/- 13.03] mm Hg, [92.50 +/- 10.01] mm Hg, [87.56 +/- 10.24] mm Hg. And in thiopental group in 1,5 and 10 minutes after ECT was respectively: [84.97 +/- 10.28] mm Hg, [104.13 +/- 7.85] mm Hg, [96.73 +/- 9.08] mm Hg, that was statistically significant [P< 0.00]. In the assessment of mean heart rate in 1,5 and 10 minute after ECT in thiopental group was respectively:[82.2 +/- 9.07] min, [110.04 +/- 7.08] min, [101.65 +/- 10.08] min. And in propofol group was respectively: [85.77 +/- 12.04] min, [98.75 +/- 11.02] min, [81.46 +/- 12.01] min which was statistically significant [P<0.05]. Duration of seizure in thiopental and propofol group was respectively: [31.08 +/- 4.13] min, [25.76 +/- 3.38] min. Time to verbal eye opening in thiopental and propofol group was respectively[5.04 +/- 1.36] min, [3.28 +/- 0.89] min. Discharging from recovery in thiopental and propofol group was respectively: [13.68 +/- 1.72] min, [10.28 +/- 1.05] min. Breathing rhythm time in thiopental and propofol group was respectively: [5.02 +/- 0.3] min [4.74 +/- 0.3]min which was statistically significant [P< 0.001]

Conclusion: Propofol offered a superior-hemodynamic stability during the procedure and a quick recovery from sleep. Propofol was found to be a better induction agent for ECT as compared to thiopental sodium

[Survey relationship of mortality rate of hospitalized patients in ICU with different degrees of apache two]

Introduction: In Attention to the importance of caring for patients referring to treatment centers specially ICU, the care prided should be in concordance with the severity of disease so that it give satisfactory result and patients with more sever disease receive intensive care. It is necessary to use standard scoring of APACHE II to determine the severity of disease and compare it with other standard treatment centers

Objective: This survey is carried out to determine relationship between APACHEII scoring system and mortality rate of patient in ICU

Materials and Methods: This descriptive and retrospective study was performed in one-year period from mid August 2004 to 2005 in ICU ward of Poorsina Hospital. Overall admitted patients were 600 and data were collected from 200 patients and recorded in special data sheet of APACHEII Scoring system. In APACH II system there are two criteria that together make the acute physiology and two other criteria including chronic disease and age were included and the maximum score was 710. Data sheet were prepared for all patient and at the end of sheet, total scoring was recorded. This scoring system had relationship with mortality. In the scoring: 0-12, 16-19, 20-30 and >30, probability of mortality were: % 10, %15, %35 and> %75 respectively

Results: In the assessment of 200 patients, men group were 66.5% [133] and women group 33.5% [67]. Mortality and viability in these two group was 22% [44] and 78% [156]; respectively. All of 117 [%58.5] patients with scoring below 15 were alive and scoring above 30 died. [2.5%]. In 50[%25] patients with scoring between 20-30, 37[%84.59] died and 13 patients were lived. In the patients with scoring number between 16-19, mortality rate was % 4.54[2] and viability was 16.6% [26]. In comparison with standard scoring system, mortality rate in scores below 19 in Poorsina center was lower than standard, but with scores above 20, mortality rate was greater than standard system. So scoring between 20-30, mortality rate was %39 and with scoring above 30, mortality rate was % 25 greater than standard system

Conclusion: With increasing the scoring number, mortality was increased. In greater scoring numbers, severe intensive care must be considered for ICU patient

Genetic heterogencity of PKD1 and PKD2 genes in Iran and determination of the genotype/phenotype correlations is several families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKD] is the most common genetic nephropathy, which is characterized by replacement of renal parenchyma with multiple cysts. In Iran, the disease prevalence within the chronic hemodialysis patient population is approximately 8-10%. So far, three genetic loci have been identified to be responsible for ADPKD. Little information is available concerning the pattern of linkage in Iranian population. In the present study, the linkage analysis was performed using three pairs of polymorphic microsatellite markers including 16AC2.5-CA [D16S291], SM7-CA [D16S283] and KG8-CA [intragenic marker at the 3' end of the gene]. These markers are closely linked to the ADPKD1 locus and three pairs of the selected polymorphic microsatellite markers including YUNCA9 [D4S231], AFM155xe11 [D4S1534] and AFM224x6 [D4S423], which were closely linked to the ADPKD2 locus. In parallel, the genomic DNA of 150 unrelated healthy individuals was used to determine frequency, heterozygosity rate and polymorphic information content [PIC] for each marker. In our study, haplotypes were constructed in a number of ADPKD families using respective markers. Assignment of the disease gene loci was performed following phasing and haplotype construction, genotype/phenotype correlations were deduced from the constructed haplotypes. Analysis of clinical data confirms a milder ADPKD phenotype for PKD2 families in Iran. Our results showed relatively high heterozygosity rates and PIC values for some markers, while the most informative markers were KG8 [PIC: 0.772] and 16AC2.5 [PIC: 0.689] for PKD1 gene and AFM224x6 [PIC: 0.712] for PKD2 gene. We report here the first molecular genetic study of ADPKD and the existence of locus heterogeneity for ADPKD in Iranian population by performing linkage analysis on 15 affected families. Eleven families showed linkage to PKD1 and two families linked to PKD2 gene. In 2 families, PKD1 markers were common in all affected members but PKD2 markers were not informative

Acquired reproductive tract abnormalities of ewes in northwest of Iran: an abattoir survey

Reproductive abnormalities cause major losses of sheep production. Abattoir materials were used to determine the extent of reproductive wastage. Reproductive tracts were collected from 524 ewes slaughtered at Urmia slaughter-house in Urmia, northwest of Iran, during a period of 12 months. Overall, 30.10% of the ewes examined were pregnant. A total of 149 [28.44%] tracts developed acquired reproductive tract abnormalities. Based on the observation of the tracts, abnormalities of the ovaries, ovarian bursa and uterine tubes and uterine lesions accounted for 11.41%, 21.48% and 67.11% of the lesions, respectively. The most common ovarian lesion was ovario-bursal adhesions [47.06%]. Uterine tube obstruction was the most common uterine tube abnormality [8.07%]. Pyometra [8.07%], uterine hemorrhage [6.73%] and endometritis [4.04%] were the most common abnormalities observed in the uterus. Two tracts [0.9%] contained macerated fetal remnants. A large number of tracts [16%] had melanin pigment in the uterine wall. It is concluded that, firstly, the large number of pregnant ewes slaughtered highlights significant economic losses. Secondly, lesions such as hydrosalpinx, pyometra and metritis were likely to affect female sheep reproduction. The acquired abnormalities were therefore more significant in terms of individual animal infertility than as a major cause of infertility in flocks

Expression of recombinant human serum albumin in the methylotrophic yeast; Hansenula polymorpha

Human serum albumin [HAS] is the major protein component of human plasma. It plays a very important role in transporting of macro molecules and maintaining the normal osmolarity. It is used as a therapeutical protein in patients with hypoalbuminemia and acute bleeding and burning. Albumin consumption in the world is about 500 ton/year. The aim of this research is to study the production of rHSA in shake flask culture by Hansenula polymorpha. H. polymorpha was used for the production of recombinant human serum albumin [rHSA] in several of shake flask culturing; expression of rHSA was investigated relating several parameters affecting the expression of HSA. To optimize the secretory expression of rHSA under the control of FMD promoter in H polymorpha RB-11 incubation time, culture media temperature and protease inhibitors were analyzed. This study not only established production of rHSA in yeast but also analyzed the correlation between affecting parameters and the level of HSA expression. Comparison of the HSA levels in the culture supernatants showed that the highest HSA yield was 17.6mg/l. The research shows that among three different temperatures [25°C,30°C and 37°C] 37°C was the best temperature and amongst three different incubation times [24h,48h and 72h] 48h was the optimum time and YNB 1% glycerol with buffer was the best derepression medium in comparison with others. Using these optimized conditions, stable production of rHSA of around 17.6mg/l was achieved. Our results suggest that affecting experssion factors improved in this study are suitable for production of recombinant albumin

Molecular study of pkd[1]and pkd[2] genes by linkage analysis and determining the genotype/phenotype correlations in several Iranian families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease [ADPKD] is an inherited disorder with genetic heterogeneity. Up to three loci are involved in this disease, PKD1 on chromosome 16p 13.3, PKD2 on 4q21, and a third locus of unknown location.Here we report the first molecular genetic study of ADPKD and the existence of locus heterogeneity for ADPKD in the Iranian population by performing linkage analysis on 15 affected families.Eleven families showed linkage to PKD1 and two families showed linkage to PKD2. In two families, PKD1 markers are common in all affected members but PKD2 markers were not informative.The results of this study demonstrate significant locus heterogeneity in autosomal dominant PKD in Iran. Analysis of clinical data confirms a milder ADPKD phenotype for PKD2 families. Our results showed relatively high heterozygosity rates and PIC values for some markers, while the most informative markers were KG8 and 16AC2.5 for PKD1 gene and AFM224x6 for PKD2 gene

Improvement of renal function after relief of chronic partial upper urinary tract obstruction

Kidney's functional and anatomical changes reversibility of after treatment of partial ureteropelvic junction obstruction [UPJO] is not defined well. Therefore, in this clinical trial study, we've evaluated these changes. In a clinical trial study with non randomized-simple sampling, 32 patients with chronic partial obstruction of urinary tract due to unilateral UPJO were studied. In each patient, IVU, DMSA, DTPA, and bilateral kidney sonography were down pre and post operatively. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon, and McNemar tests analyzed data. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Mean age of the patients was 5.44 +/- 0.47 years old and 40.6% of the patients were male. Split function mean in DMSA had significant difference, comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. There also was a significant difference in mean of retention time and T1/2 of DTPA [P<0.05], comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Mean of kidney pelvis diameter had significant difference, comparing pre and post operatively [P<0.05]. Our study showed that operation of chronic partial obstruction of kidney, could improve kidney function. We also showed that sonographic evaluation of kidneys could help to evaluate kidney function in these patients

Stereotaxic fine-needle aspiration cytologic evaluation of non-palpable Breast lesions

Although long-term mammography is the standard means of evaluation for the probably benign lesions of breast, some times we feel obliged to know about the benignity and the extent of lesions earlier. Therefore we evaluated the diagnostic value of stereotaxic fine-needle aspiration [SFNA] in low suspicion breast lesions as an alternative to the routine modality. The study included 150 low-suspicion or probably benign breast lesions detected on mammography. All cases underwent SFNA and followed by exciosional biopsy or follow-up mammography based on SFNA findings. Fibroadenoma and normal tissue lesions were diagnosed in 57% of patients, in whom no evidence of malignancy was found in the follow-up period. In 48 patients with cytologic findings suggestive of proliferative fibrocystic disease, three cases of malignancy were detected by excisional biopsy. A SFNA result suggesting benignity allows safe clinical follow-up, whereas a suspicious or equivocal diagnosis needs more invasive modalities for further investigations