hydrophilic proteins of lung surfactant as a prognostic marker in experimental pneumonia

Background: SP-A and SP-D are hydrophilic proteins which regulate the inflammatory response of the lung. Pasteurella multocida is one of the most common bacteria isolated from calves suffering from shipping fever pneumonia, one of the majorproblems in dairy herds

Objectives: evaluation of surfactant content may provide a valuable diagnostic tool for detection of calf pneumonia due to Pasteurella multocida and also state of treatment

Methods: ten Holstein-Frisian bull calves aged 4 months with body weight of 120 +/- 5 kg were selected for study in two groups. The Pasteurella multocida [PMC66 Razi] was used in the present study for inducing pneumonia. The Bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] process was done in selected calves. BAL fluid was collected and centrifuged and finally the sediment [crude surfactant] was reserved at -20degreeC. The cytological evaluation and surfactant content was assayed by ELISA, TPL kit assay and HPLC

Results: the serum levels of SP-A and SP-D in pneumonic group were significantly elevated. Although the increased Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] level of SP-A in pneumonic cases was found as compared with the control animals, the statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between two groups. The level of SP-D in BALF of pneumonic group significantly elevated. The amount of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine [DPPC] in pneumonic group decreased significantly in comparison with control group

Conclusions: pasteurella inducing pulmonary can change the major component of lung surfactant, evaluation of these markers can be helpful as an appropriate tool in diagnostic state of pneumonia and healing

Changes in clinical signs after treatment in calves with experimental colisepticemia with Escherichia coli

Background: Colisepticemia is an acute fatal disease in farm animal neonates. Clinical finding of septicemia is non-specific and cannot be differentiated from signs of non-infectious disease or disease with local infection such as diarrhea

Objectives: Evaluation of clinical signs variations in calves with experimental septicemia with Escherichia coli 01 11 :H8

Methods: Colisepticemia was experimentally induced in ten Holstein bull calves after an adaptation period. Vital signs and 7 clinical criteria were recorded from 24 h before septicemia until 48 h after that. Blood culture was performed and treatment was done based on antibiogram from 24 h after challenge

Results: Changes of suckling reflex and shock were not significant. Changes of appetite, dehydration, behavior, standing ability, total score from 24 h before the challenge to 24 h after treatment were significant [p=0.00l]. Fecal consistency altered with treatment [p<0.04]. Heart rate [p=0.04 and p=0.033, respectively], respiratory rate [p=0.009 and p=0.001, respectively] and body temperature [p0.00l and p=0.004, respectively] have significant changes till 24 h after challenge and till 24 h after starting treatment. Blood cultures were positive except for 0 h and 48 h after challenge

Conclusions: The present study indicated clinical signs changed unfavorably following septicemia that were dissolved approximately during 24 h, depending on treatment in appropriate time and drug choice. Thus, a targeted scoring system will be useful in clinical evaluation of septicemia, quantifying the changes procedure and treatment efficacy

[Endocarditis associated with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a fat-tailed ram]

Endocarditis is rarely reported in sheep and information presented for ovine endocarditis is based mostly on comparative findings in the cattle. Infective vegetative endocarditis of the right heart was diagnosed in a 3-year-old fat-tailed ram. Clinical findings included tachycardia, marked brisket edema, jugular veins distention and pulsation and pale mucous membranes. Hematologic abnormality included neutrophilic leukocytosis. Necropsy confirmed severe right atrioventricular and pulmonary valves vegetative endocarditis with evidence of right heart failure. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from those vegetative lisions.

Herbal medicine for treating hot flashes

Although some alternative therapies like botanical and herbal therapies have shown promise for relieving menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, more research is needed. Eighty-five percent of the women in the United States experience hot flashes of some kind as they approach menopause and for the first year or two after their periods stop. Between 20 and 50% of women continue to have them for many more years. As time goes on, the intensity decreases. In this review we focus on the evidence based herbal medicine in particular with herbs that have antidepressant effects

Saffron a prototype example for evidence based herbal medicine

Evidence-based medicine is now generally perceived to be the dominant operating system in conventional medicine. Evidence-based medicine developed concurrently with the internet and the world wide web. This is no coincidence since evidence-based medicine suggests a personal responsibility for clinicians to keep abreast of research that would be difficult without the information access that the web provides. Over the last two decades, evidence based herbal medicine has been considered as interesting field. One of prototype example of evidence base medicine is saffron. In this paper, we review saffron from evidence point of view

Trends of skin cancer incidence in 6 geographical regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2000-2005

Data about the incidence of skin cancer in the Islamic Republic of Iran are lacking. This study investigated trends in the incidence of skin cancer [ICD-10 category C44, other malignant neoplasms of skin] in 6 regions using data from the Iranian cancer registry from 2000 to 2005. The standardized incidence rates in each year were calculated by the direct method using the standard World Health Organization population and a Poisson regression model was applied to analyse trends. Over the study period, 30 701 cases of cancer were identified, rising from 2353 in 2000 to 8484 in 2005. The male-to-female ratio was 1.6. The age-standardized incidence rose significantly from 3.8 cases per 100 000 in 2000 to 13.0 in 2005 [slope = 0.26], and the same trend was seen in all regions except the region to the east of the Caspian Sea. This increasing incidence of skin cancer in the Islamic Republic of Iran is similar to that reported in other countries

[Metformin reduces cisplatin-mediated apoptosis in gastric adenocarcinoma cells]

Metformin, a drug widely used for type 2 diabetes, may also have anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of metformin on cisplatin cytotoxicity in the gastric adenocarcinoma cells line [MKN45]. In this study, cells viability and apoptosis were measured using the [3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Moreover, the expressions of mammalian target of rapamycin, survivin and AKT genes were evaluated by RT-PCR. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The results showed that each of metformin and cisplatin separately reduced the viability of cancer cell, but in co-administration, metformin reduced the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. In co-administration, the survivin expression was increased followed by a reduction in cisplatin anti-cancer effect. Therefore, the antagonistic effect of drugs can be associated with survivin expression. The results also revealed that the anti-apoptotic effects of metformin co-administrated with cisplatin are associated with increased AKT expression. It seems that in gastric cancers, metformin is not an appropriate choice to make cells sensitive to cisplatin and the antagonistic effects of the two drugs should be considered when they prescribed in combination

[Correlation of Psychosocial problems with perception of social support families with addicted member admitted]

Addiction as health problem, mental and social of the present century that not only impact on the physical, emotional and social addicted person, but also led to social-psychosocial problems for the community and their families. However, it seems that social support for families in this condition improve their health and compatibility with the conditions. Therefore this study was to examine relation between psychosocial problems with perception of social support families with addicted member. This Study was a descriptive-analytical study and 400 members of the first prime of drug addicted person whom referred to 5-Azar Addicts Rehabilitation Center of Gorgan at 2012 were selected by simple random sampling. Data gathered by Questionnaires of Check List 90- revise [SCL-90], Northouse social support and demographic information. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient, Chi-square and Fisher. The results showed that most families participating in this study had moderate anxiety [36.4%] and moderate depression [36.8%] Also 36% of them have low levels of aggression while 35/8% have the moderate of interpersonal sensitivity. Moreover, most subjects [70.3%] displayed moderate levels of perceived social support. The results showed that between the perception of social support, and anxiety [r=-0.347], depression [r=0.347] and interpersonal sensitivity [r=-0.293] there was a significant inverse relationship, while there was no significant relationship between aggression and perception of social support [r=-0.293]. In regard with the salient role of high social support in better copping of the families of addicted people with stressful factors and its role in providing their psychosocial health, the nurses of health centers can develop some supportive groups and increase their knowledge about positive effects of supportive behaviors to give appropriate supportive interventions. Hence, it is necessity for nurses, first, by constantly evaluating the supportive needs of these families and then by using the sources existed in society and families' contribution to step up efforts to promote psychosocial health condition

[Correlation of human resource strategies based on allen ylsy model with organizational performance staff in Aiat Allah Kashani Hospital]

Introduction: At present, the organization for success, have no choice except to formulate appropriate strategies with human resources; otherwise today's complex environment and incompatibility of the strategies will lead to inefficient use of human resources. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of human resource strategies based on Allen Ylsy Model with organizational performance in Aiat Allah Kashani hospital staff

Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-correlation study that was performed on 247 personnel's of Aiat Allah Kashani hospital in Shahrekord. Stratified samples were randomly selected and collected demographic and researcher's made [Staff Function Questionnaire on Allen Yelsy Model] in two components for assessing the Allen Ylsy Model and personnel performance were used in 43 questions. Content and face validity of this questionnaire were confirmed through 7 specialists. Reliability was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha 0.92. Data were also analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistical test using SPSS/18

Findings: The results showed that there is a significant solidarity between human resource strategy and organizational performance [P<0.05]

The most important strategies that had correlation with organizational performance included, personnel relations [33.3%], strategy [14.2%] and performance management strategies [2%]

However, strategies to attract, hire and compensate predictive, had not significant correlation with personnel performance

Conclusion: Due to impact of human resource strategies on the performance evaluation has been studied more than the average, it is suggested that management should focus on strategies to improve organizational performance benefits they are entitled to. In this regards, providing HR position in Kashani Hospital is recommended

[Correlation between knowledge and satisfaction of patients from patient- physician relationship]

Introduction: Treatment of diseases is largely depended on the interaction between doctor and patient, and the result of cooperation with clinicians is rapid and successful treatment. Moreover, the relationship is one of the critical factors of the patients' satisfaction, especially next reference of patients. This study is aimed to determine the correlation between knowledge and satisfaction of patients from patient- physician relationship at the hospital affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Materials and Methods: This study has been done in descriptive-correlational method on 309 people who referred to 11 teaching hospitals and medical which covered by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Data was gathered through three questionnaires of [Knowledge of Physician-Patient Relationship], [Satisfaction of Physician-Patient Relationship] and [Physician-Patient Relationship]. Validity of the questionnaires was approved by 3 experts and the reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha [alpha=0.87, alpha =0.87, alpha =0.79]. Data analysis was performed by SPSS/16 and using the Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test and ANOVA

Findings: The mean score of knowledge and satisfaction of patients from physician-patient relationship was respectively, 2.09+/-0.5 and 6.58?34.08. Also, the average scores of correlation between physician and patient were 6.04+/-35.86, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between satisfaction levels of physician - patient relationship [P<0.01]. On the other hand, there wasn't a significant correlation between knowledge of physician- patient relationship and physician- patient relationship

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that patient' knowledge and satisfaction of physician-patients' relationship in Tabriz hospitals were high. It is recommended that a system to be designed to assess the relationship between physician and patient correctly until it give important information

[ effect of problem solving training on decision making skill in emergency medicine students]

Nowadays in the areas of health care, emergency medical personnel are increasingly exposed with issues and situations that are complex and product of the technology, understanding and awareness in the social sectors, health culture promotion, processes of diseases and frequent changes in moral and cultural characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of problem solving training on decision-making skills in emergency medical students. This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design that was performed in 60 graduate emergency medical students in two groups of experimental [30] and control [30]. Simple sampling method was used and all students participated in this study. Then, an eight 2 hr session problem solving course was held for the experimental group. To determine the decision making skill the "Decision Making Questionnaire" was used. Content validity [0.87], with eight confirmed cases of teachers and the reliability test [0.84] were obtained using Cronbach's alpha. Data were gathered in pre and post educational program and were analyzed by SPSS/16. T test, paired T test and Square Chi were also used in this analysis. Findings revealed that decision making score in emergency medical students is low and problem solving course, positively affected the students' decision making skill after the program in experimental group [P<0.05] and mean score of 8.66 +/- 1.89 rose to 11.36 +/- 1.62. However, decision making level did not change in control group. In general, findings of this study indicated that the student's decision making skill has improved. Therefore, this kind of education on problem solving in various emergency medicine domains such as: education, research and management, is recommended

[Correlation of perceived social support and some of the demographic factors in patients with multiple sclerosis]

Multiple Sclerosis [MS] is a progressive disease and degenerative myelin in the central neurons that its complications provide physical problems and mental illness. However, it seems that social support controlled psychological stresses and improved quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of perceived social support and some of the demographic factors in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. In this descriptive-correlational study, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran were selected by continuous sampling. Data gathering instrument was "Social Support Questionnaire" of Nortouse [SSQ]. Cronbach's alpha for this instrument was 0.90. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16. The results showed that 156 patients [39.5%] had perceived social support at moderate levels. Between perceived social supports, age, educational level, employment status and monthly income were significantly correlated. However, between perceived social support and sex, marital status, family or relatives' risk, disease duration and history of hospitalization, significant correlation was not found. Regarding the perception of patients, nurses can by identify the high risk groups and prevent them from the isolation and with appropriate supportive interventions, improve their quality of life

[Survey validity of translation for Persian and cultural adaptation of Fatigue Impact Scale [FIS] questionnaire in multiple sclerosis patients in Iran]

Fatigue is one of the most common problem of multiple sclerosis. It is a sign of inefficiency in the physical, social, and cognitive function. It is a major factor in limiting the responsibilities of social work of patients. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Fatigue Impact Scale [FIS] in Iranian and create an appropriate tool for measuring the impact of fatigue and effectiveness of treatment and also rehabilitation interventions on fatigue in Iranian patients. In order to use the FIS in Iranian patients, the forward and backward translation and assessing the patient's perspective was done and the Persian version of the questionnaire was prepared. The questionnaire was completed by twenty patients with multiple sclerosis. The time duration of filling out of each questionnaire took ten to twenty minutes .The final corrections was carried out. All questions of patients was acceptable and understandable and questions of "sexual activity" was completed only by married patients. The question of "financial support" was completed only by employed person [working people]. Finally, as much as possible, this questionnaire was adapted with Iranian culture and sentences were confirmed by MAPI Institute. Persian version of the FIS is an appropriate tool for measuring the impact of fatigue, effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation interventions on fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis

[Effect of self-care training program on quality of life of elders]

Nowadays the elderly population is growing all over the world. Diseases and conditions resulting from this evolutionary process can be costly to governments and cause many disabilities which severly affect the erderly's quality of life. This study aims to determine the effect of self-care training program on quality of life of elderly. It is a controlled randomized trial which was carried out on 60 elderly referred to Omid's elderly care center in Borougen city. After convenience sampling, the elderly were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental [n=30] and control [n= 30] groups. The experimental group participated in a three months self- care training program. Data was collected by the Short Form Health Survey [SF-36] and analyzed using SPSS-PC [v.11]. The findings showed a significant difference in the mean scores of quality of life between the experimental and control groups [P<0.05] after intervention. Self- care education to elderly about the practices of proper nutrition, exercise, rest and medication can prevent a lot of problems and help them to improve their quality of life

[ impact of training by social problem-solving model of D-zurilla and gold fried on problem-solving skills of nursing students]

Problem solving is a skill vital for life today and its learning is essential for everyone. Considering that the best way to achieve the correct habits of thinking and judgment is to use educational programs and to confront students with real issues, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of D' zurilla and gold fried problem solving model's training on problem solving skill of nursing students. It was a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of 43 undergraduate nursing students of the Hazrat Ftemeh School of nursing and midwifery of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who participated voluntary and were randomly assigned into experimental[n= 20] and control [n=23] groups. The experimental group participated in six sessions of problem solving. Data was collected by the problem solving subscale of Bar-On emotional intelligence questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS-PC [v.11]. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of problem solving skills in the experimental group and control group immediately and two months after the intervention [p<0.01]. Regarding the impact of this model on the improvement of problem solving skills and the stability of its effects, using this model in different areas of nursing, including education, management, research and clinical area is recommended

Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in Aras dam reservoir

Occurances of cyanobacterial bloom typically appear in eutrophic lakes which either have been affected by anthropogenic nutrient loading or are naturally rich in nutrients. Microcystis blooms have been reported all over the world in freshwater ecosystems mainly due to increased population which results in increased the waste water production. The aim of this study was to recognize the basic reasons of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in Aras reservoir. Water temperature, pH, DO, EC, TN, N-No[2], N-No[3], P-Po[4] chl a and the number of Microcystis colonies were determined. The effects of these parameters on the microcystis increased growth was examined. Though we could not strictly relate a few other factors to this phenomenon, higher water temperature, pH and DO in the sampling site i.e. 27°C, 9.16 and 17.2 mg/L respectively, surely favored the M.aeruginosa bloom. In brief, preventing or reducing the nutrients flow into the reservoir should be considered as a priority in order to reduce Microcystis scum forming colonies

[Study on performance of infectious waste sterilizing set in Kashan Shahid Beheshti hospital and determination of its optimum operating condition]

Autoclaving is one of the methods which sterilizes infectious solid wastes. Since variety of parameters such as temperature, time, and pressure influence autoclave performance, this study was carried out to evaluate the parameters and set optimum condition for the autoclave apparatus applied in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan. In this descriptive-analytical study, the performance of subjected autoclave was surveyed based on biological index and through setting 144 tests. Variables were packaging type in two groups [open and wrapped], loading type in three groups [light, medium and heavy], and four temperature-time features in fixed pressure equal to 101 kpa. Biological index was ATCC 7953 which contained Stearotermophilus Geobacillus spores. Finally obtained results were analyzed by Chi-Square test. The results of statistical test showed that there isn't any meaningful relation between packaging type of waste, system loading, and efficiency of sterilization[P>0.05],while meaningful relation was found between system performance and variety states of temperature-time feature[P<0.05], illustrating temperature and time effects in fixed pressure on sterilization of solid waste. Based on the results, the best autoclave operational condition for sterilizing infectious solid wastes are: temperature-time equal to 10 min-140[degree sign] C and 15 min-134[degree sign] C in fixed pressure of 101 kpa, respectively. It was also revealed that temperature-time condition suggested by manufactory, i.e. 20min-121[degree sign] C, is not sufficient for complete sterilization of solid waste

[ effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. presl on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes, a double-blind clinical trial]

Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl [cinnamon] have been used as food and herbal drug in Asia and Europe. Although some studies have been shown that cinnamon has blood glucose lowering effect but some reports denied it. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of cinnamon on blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was a double blind randomized controlled trial study. 61 type 2 diabetic patients with fasting blood glucose of 140 to 250 mg/dl were randomly divided in to two groups. The patients in cinnamon groups received two 500mg cinnamon capsules and patients in placebo group received two 500mg placebo capsules daily. The patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL were determined at starting and after 8 weeks at the end of the study. There was no significant difference in patients fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL between intervention groups compared with placebo on starting of the trial. Further results indicated that there were no significant difference between two groups regarding lowering of blood glucose, HbA1c, and blood lipids after 8 week of cinnamon and placebo treatment. According to the study results, consumption of one gram of cinnamon per day, do not have blood glucose lowering effects

[Comparison of the role of human factor in road accidents in different drivers' categories]

Human factor is identified as the most important factor in road accident. The purpose of this research was to compare the role of human factor in road accidents in different drivers' categories in Darab Township in 2010. In this descriptive-correlation research, firstly, four groups of drivers including bus, truck, taxi and private car drivers [130 drivers] were selected through purposeful sampling and completed Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire [MDBQ]. Data was analyzed by using Multivariate analysis of variance [MANOVA], correlation coefficients and SPSS. According to the result, all groups had significant differences in all factors such as errors, lapses, aggressive and ordinary violation [P<0.05]; also the highest rate in 3 factors of errors, lapses and aggressive violation were related to bus drivers, truck drivers, private car drivers and taxi drivers respectively; but in ordinary violations the highest scores were related to private car, taxi, truck and bus drivers respectively. The findings of correlation coefficients were as follows: there were a significant and positive correlation between age and all types of errors and violence [P<0.05]; negative and significant correlation was found between education with dangerous and aggressive errors and lapses [P<0.05]; but positive and significant correlation was found between education and aggressive violation [P<0.05]; there was no correlation between education score and ordinary violation; also, no correlation was found between years of driving and wearing safety belt with errors and violence [P>0.05]. The results indicated that the highest scores were specially related to bus drivers and truck drivers. Therefore, it is recommended to perform psychological assessments and adequate training in order to reduce the accident rate at the time of selection and obtaining driving licenses and periodically thereafter

Comparison of the effect of dynamic and static splints on wrist spasticity in post-stroke patients

Among several methods which are accessible for manageing wrist spasticity after stroke, wrist splinting is commonly used as an adjacent treatment, but there are many controversies surrounding its efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the Dynamic and Static splints on wrist spasticity after stroke. In this mterntional study, 31 stroke patients were selected and randomly divided into three groups including: Dynamic splint, Static splint and control group. Participants in the intervention groups wore their own splints for three months, five days per week and on average, six hours per day. Wrist spasticity was measured by both Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS] and electromyography [EMG] tests at the baseline and after third month. Kroskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA were used to statistically analyze MAS and Hmax/Mmax ratio scores respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant reduction of spasticity during study period according to either MAS or EMG data in any of the groups [p>0/05]. Based on these findings, use of the splint as a method for reducing wrist spasticity could not be beneficial in the selected patients