[ feasibility study of local relief centers establishment in Bandar Abbas]

Natural disasters are among events that human beings have always been faced and extremely suffered from their damages. Many attempts have been so far done to reduce damages from natural disasters but they are still very extensive. One way to reduce injuries and damages resulting from natural disasters is people's voluntary cooperation and preparation at the time of occurring. So, this article aims to investigate the feasibility study of establishing local relief center in Bandar Abbas. This cross-sectional study was conducted among Bandar Abbas residents in 2011. By using questionnaire, 400 respondents were selected and studied based on multistage cluster sampling. According to the result, more than 70 percent of respondents considered highly important to establish the local relief centers; and 95 percent were willing to work in relief teams and help others. Moreover, the social status and knowledge about Red Crescent activities had a positive effect on the respondents' willingness to cooperate with the local relief centers based on the analytical results. The residents of Bandar Abbas were highly interested in establishing the local relief centers and actively work in the relief teams. Therefore, the establishment of the local relief centers seems to be necessary with community-based approach and also serious focus on educating citizens

epidemiological and clinical study on scorpionism in hospitalized children in Khuzestan, Iran

Scorpion sting is a public health problem in Khuzestan, South-West Iran. The aims of the current study were to monitor the hospitalized children, due to scorpion sting, and releasing more clinical and epidemiologic data related to scorpionism in this Province. In this retrospective study, the data of scorpion sting victims, among the hospitalized children in Abuzar Children Hospital of Ahvaz Jundi Shapur University of Medical Sciences, was analyzed from the points of epidemiological and clinical aspects in 2006. The scorpion species of 18 files out of 57 were recognized accurately, using Farzanpay key of Iranian scorpions, asAndroctonus crassicauda [Scorpionida: Buthidae] and Hemiscorpious lepturus [Scorpionida: Hemiscorpiidae]. The most scorpionism emergencies among the children in the Khuzestan should be paid to those species. However, H. lepturus sting emergencies are in the top of attention among the children

Comparison between different models for rheological characterization of activated sludge

Activated sludge flow rheology is a very complicated phenomenon. Studies related to activated sludge tend to classify sludge as non-Newtonian fluid. Until now, several theories have been built to describe the complex behavior of activated sludge with varying degrees of success. In this article, seven different models for viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids [i.e., Power law, Bingham plastic, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson, Sisko, Carreau and Cross] were considered to evaluate their predictive capability of apparent viscosity of activated sludge. Results showed that although evaluating the constants in the four-parameter models is difficult, they provide the best prediction of viscosity in the whole range of shear rates for activated sludge. For easier prediction of viscosity at different mixed liquor suspended solids [2.74-31g/L], temperature [15-25°C] and shear rate [1-1000/s], simple correlations were proposed. Comparing the results with the experimental data revealed that the proposed correlations are in good agreement with real apparent viscosities

[Prevalence of eating disorders and obesity in high school girl students in Yazd, 2010-2011]

Eating disorders are the result of behavioral disorders associated with many complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these problems in high school girls in Yazd city. This cross-sectional study was commenced in 2010 and ended in 2011. The population studied were 1400 high school girl students in Yazd city who were study by cluster sampling method. Eat-26 questionnaire was used for diagnosing eating disorders and for identifying those at risk. Variables such as age, parents education, menstrual status, birth order and family size were also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS software package and chi-square, Fisher's exact test and pearson correlation coefficient test. For the definition of obesity and overweight BMI and CDC BMI charts were used. Of the subjects,16.7% were suffering from overweight or obesity;169 students [12%] were at the risk of eating disorders. Between BMI status and risk of eating disorders a significant relationship was detected, so that 51.7% of those at risk, were suffering from obesity or overweight. In this study, 7 students [0.5%] had anorexia nervosa and 74 students [5.3%] were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa showing no significant relationship with the variables mentioned. Totally 689 students [51.3%] were dissatisfied with their current weight out of which the 21.4% wanted to gain weight while 78.6% were willing to lose their weight. Satisfaction with weight status and BMI found to be were significantly correlated. This study, like many other similar studies, showed that the epidemiological transition, cultural interaction and changing of values has increased incidence of eating disorders and has been considerably high compared with the past decades, thus reguiring speculation and employment of effective measures in dealing with these disorders

study of iron-drop supplementation status on 6-24 month infants in Yazd health centers

Iron deficiency [ID] and iron deficiency anemia [IDA] are among the most common public health problems worldwide especially in the developing countries. There are approximately two billion people in the world suffering from IDA. One of the problems of iron supplementation, including iron drop, is failing or noncompliance with consuming supplementary products. The aim of this survey was to determine the consumption status of iron-drop supplementation by 6-24 month infants in Yazd. Totally 770 mothers having 6-24 months infants participated in this survey. At first they were randomly selected from 8 health centers among all health centers of the city and then the sample size was selected regarding the covered population of each center. Sampling method was systematic random sampling. Each mother was invited to center and completed the questionnaire by interview. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. In general, 84.8% of the mothers used iron drop supplement for their infants so that this rate was significantly higher in rural areas than urban areas. The mean point of starting with supplementary iron drop was 5.9 +/- 1 months and 78.4% of mothers started giving iron-drop from 6- month infants. The main causes of failing to use drop were forgetting [33.3%], teeth blackened [27.9%], constipation [8.2%] and unavailability [6.8%].Compared with other regions, compliance with and using iron drop is appropriate but because of health importance and logistic costs of supplementation, there is much higher expectation. Mothers' education and reducing their concerns about transient supplementation side effects, more availability of supplementary products and supplying low side- effect products are the main issues for increasing the effectiveness of this preventive approach for ID and IDA

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran

We determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand in a sample of 1824 subjects > 5 years in 2002. Face- to- face interviews were conducted and blood samples taken. The association between risk factor and hepatitis B was assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence of HbsAg positive cases was 2.3%, and HBcAb and HBsAb were isolated in 7.8% and 11.6% of the participants respectively; 11.9% were positive for both HBcAb and HBsAb. History of surgery and imprisonment were the major risk factors for infection with odds ratios of 2.14 [95% CI: 1.22- 3.05] and 3.57 [95% CI: 1.68- 5.4] respectively

[Giant parathyroid adenoma presenting with bone pain]

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a quite frequent disorder however, giant parathyroid adenoma is a rare entity. We described a 39-year old woman presenting with lower extremities bone pain within the recent 3 years. She had been receiving levothyroxin during the past 10 years due to hypothyroidism, meanwhile, she had a bulge right thyroid lobe. Laboratory examinations revealed she was euthyroid, however, scanning showed parathyroid adenoma. During surgery, an adenoma measured 2x3x6cm, weighted 22gr was resected. Giant parathyroid adenoma present with non-characteristic symptoms, thus, routine laboratory measurements including serum calcium and phosphorous should be proposed for suspected individuals

[Lectin histochemical method for the dectection of surface sugars in the adrenal medullary cells of embryos and newborn mice]

To distinguish the special effect of terminal sugar/sugars on development of adrenal gland medulla fetal or afterbirth. Determining the days that they are effective on development as inductive factors was another objective. In the study, we used of 12 females and 4 males BALB/c mice. Fetuses of all gestational days and newboms up to 15 days of age were fixed and processed by common histological techniques, and sections were obtained from adrenal region. The number of normal newborns and embryos were 78 heads. To distinguish the terminal sugars, we used lectins that are PNA [peanut agglutinin], VVA [vicia villosa agglutinin] and GSA1-B4 [griffonia simplia-B4]. Lectins were detected by DAB [diaminobenzidin] dye after binding to terminal sugars. Adrenal medulla cells reacted only to PNA at 13th gestational day to birth and up to 15[th] after birth. Several sections from all of specimens which we used for the lectin histochemistery study did not react to three other lectins. Findings of this study elucidated that Gal-GalNAc terminal sugar, which is specific to PNA lectin, is a key terminal sugar in studied days. So we suggest that Gal-GalNAc has a key role on adrenal medulla development at 13[th] fetal day to birth and 15 days afterbirth

[Physical violence in women referring to forensic medicine center in Tehran, 1382]

Background: Violence and spouse torment is considered as a great threat and concern for security of population particularly at susceptible groups such as women and children. This socio-hygienic problem causes many events in the world and is the main cause of injury among women in their active years of life. Violence against women and battering them has remained as a cruelty from past centuries and we can still see the aggravation of this social problem

Purpose: This descriptive study was conducted to determine the cause and location of injury in battered women, referring to forensic Medicine center

Method: 171 manned and unmarried women older than 16 years were selected by convenience sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data

Results: %40.4 of battered women were between 26 and 35, %47.4 of them had high-school education, %5.8 were illiterate, %68.4 were housewires, and 1.2% were worker. %74.3 were married and %19.9 were single. %39.8 of strikers had high-school education and %3.5 were illiterate. Hands and feet [45.5%], spinal column [1.63%] and genital organs [1.635] were the locations of injury. Injuries were resulted from strikes by hands and legs [39.9%] and glass pieces [96%]

Conclusion: Battering causes many injuries in women along with different illnesses and disabilities 'in them. Consequently, this violent behavior can lead to physical and emotional problems in women and their children. Thus, it should be controlled and researches should study more about it

mission-based gifted and talented program

Background: only in recent years has the concept of "Multiple intelligences" been acknowledged

Purpose: to develop a mission-based program to train gifted medical students on skills and sciences needed for sustainable development

Methods: a two-armed program was developed for training medical students. The first arm of the program train students for management purposes. The second branch of the program educates medical students to enable them to contribute to scholar development in areas of health and medicine

Results: the Managerial pathway has been implemented since July 2003. More than 400 students from Shaheed Beheshti and elsewhere registered in the program as main members or guest members of the program. The level up exam was given on February 2004 with 13 students qualifying for C level

Conclusion: it may be to early to draw any conclusion in terms of fulfilment of the outcomes of the program but the dedication of the members to the program has been beyond imagination

Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis and touch imprint cytology: study on 1000 consecutive cases

Frozen section and touch imprint cytology are important diagnostic procedures for surgeons during operation and must be accurate if the patient is to receive maximum benefit. To assess the accuracy of intraoperative pathologic consultation including frozen section and touch imprint cytology during a five year period [1995-2000], a retrospective survey of 1000 consecutive cases of frozen sections performed by the staff pathologists of Shiraz Medical School and 211 touch imprint cytology cases related to some of these sections were studied focusing on accuracy. Also some 462 cases of frozen sections related to the 1000 samples were reviewed by the staff pathologists without complete clinical data and without any data from the surgeon to determine the importance of the surgeon pathologist relationship. The gold standard method for comparing the results of frozen section and cytology was permanent tissue diagnosis. The overall accuracy of frozen section for the 1000 cases was 93.6%. The accuracy of cytology was 93.1%. Also the accuracy of 462 frozen sections which were reviewed without clinical data was 85%. In conclusion, frozen section diagnosis is a highly accurate method. Touch imprint cytology is also a specific method and can be used in areas where facilities of frozen section studies are not available. The frozen section method achieves its highest accuracy when there is cooperation between the surgeon and pathologist and when used in combination with touch imprint cytology