[Learning improvement in organizations through transformational leadership at Isfahan university of medical sciences in 2012-2013]

Introduction: studies show that organizations using transformational leadership, achieve high levels of growth and development. For this reason, in recent decades, transformational leadership has become an unavoidable necessity, because through transformational leadership organizations can improve their competitive advantage such as organizational learning. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational learning at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Methods: Research method was descriptive-correlative. To collect data, 117 employees at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were surveyed. Research instruments were to questionnaires: 1] Bass and Avalio's transformational leadership, and 2] Neif's organizational learning. Reliability coefficients were.87 and .88 respectively, using Chronbach's formula. The collected data were analyzed using one- sample t-test, and Pearson correlation

Results: Findings showed that there are a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership and its components [Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration] with organizational learning. The collected data were analyzed using one variable t-test, and Pearson correlation

Conclusion: according to the findings, it can be suggested that the existence of transformational leadership can result in the improvement of organizational learning

[Identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to rifampin by multiplex specific PCR method]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is still considered the most common cause of death cases related to pathogenic infectious factors in the world. Rifampin is among the most important first-line drugs to treat tuberculosis. The most common mutations in resistance to Rifampin occur due to the displacements in Codons 531, 526, and 516 in rpoB gene. This study was carried out with the aim of introducing the method [Multiplex Allele Specific] PCR in order to identify tuberculosis patients resistant to rifampin through detecting mutations in the rpoB gene. In this study, three cases of mutation were evaluated in three Codons of rpoB gene in 90 samples of the positive cases of culture from pulmonary TB patients who had referred to Research Center of Mycobacteriology located in Masih-Daneshvari Hospital of Tehran from 1385 to 1387 after the drug sensitivity test. To examine three codons 531, 526 and 516, MAS PCR method was used. The results of the culture showed that 33.3% of the samples were sensitive and 66.6% were resistant to drugs of which 44.4% were resistant to Rifampin. By using MAS PCR method, 32.2% of these cases of resistance were identified. Among these cases, 43.4% had mutation in codon rpoB 531, 34.5% in rpoB 526 codon and 31% in rpoB 516 codon. Based on the results of this study, MAS PCR method used in this research is an accurate and appropriate method to rapidly diagnose resistance to Rifampin in the clinical samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

[ impact of low frequency noise on mental performance during math calculations]

The influences of Low Frequency Noise [LFN] on mental performance have been the objectives of many papers in recent years. Many researchers believe that the LFN even at low pressure levels has impacts on mental performance. In the present work the influences of LFN and Reference Noise [RN] at two different sound pressure levels [45 and 65 dBA] on mental performances of college students during solving math problems were studied. Other factors such as annoyance and sensitivity to LFN and hearing status of the participants were also determined. Low Frequency and Reference Noise were generated and verified using cool Edit software program. The number of participants was calculated using data gathered from a pilot study conducted in advance. The mental performance of the students was evaluated while they were exposed to LFN and RN at 45 and 65 dBA sound pressure levels. For this purpose, standard psychological tests were applied. Standard measuring instrumentation including sound level meters, psychological tests, acoustic room and etc were calibrated prior to their application based on standard methods. The results revealed that, Low frequency noise annoyance and sensitivity have no significant differences between different studied ages and sexes. The result also revealed that, a significant correlations exists between sensitivity to low frequency noise and deep mental process [r=0.33, p=0.01]. It was recognized that low frequency nose at 65 dBA can decrease accuracy [p=0.005] and performance [p=0.001] in comparison with reference noise at the same level. Low frequency noise, have impact on mental performance during performing math calculations

[Relationship between TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis]

Tuberculosis [TB] caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an infectious disease in human which kills nearly three millions of people annually. Approximately, one - third of the world populations are infected with this bacteria and 5 - 10% of them develop the active form of the disease. Individuals are different in susceptibility to TB infection. These differences might be due to the host characteristics especially genetic factors. TNF- alpha as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in host defense against tuberculosis. Presence of mutation in this gene can influence the effectiveness, performance and capability of immune responses against TB infection. The Aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of TNF- alpha gene polymorphisms and its relation with susceptibility to the pulmonary TB. Sixty healthy controls and 60 TB patients were enrolled. Genotype of TNF[-238], TNF -244, TNF[-308], TNF[-857] and TNF[-863] were determined using PCR-RFLP method. The results were analyzed by Fisher Exact and kappa[2] tests using SPSS v.14 and evaluated with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results of this study showed a significant difference in TNF-308 and TNF [-857] regions between the control and study groups [P < 0.05]. Presence of mutation in TNF[-308] and TNF [-857] regions may increase the host susceptibility to mycobacterium tuberculosis and genotyping of these regions can be used for screening of the high risk individuals

Comparison of the effectiveness of 2 treatment regimens in patients with isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis

We compared the effectiveness of 2 treatment regimens for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis [TB] in 42 patients attending a TB referral centre in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The patients were divided into 2 treatment groups: 26 received the 6-month standard HRZE treatment and 16 received a modified treatment of RZE for 6 months. There were no significant differences in age or sex of the groups. With the standard method of treatment, 21 [80.8%] patients were cured, 4 [15.4%] resulted in treatment failure, and 1 [3.8%] died. In the modified treatment group, 16 [100%] patients were cured. These differences were not statistically significantly different [P = 0.194]

[Comparison of post- thoracotomy pain control methods [Meta analysis]]

Thoracocotomy is one of the surgical operations associated with sever pain, and in alleviation of post- thoracotomy pain, which is associated with important physiologic, psychologic, ad pathologic consequences. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The post- operative analgesic method used most frequently in each treatment center is considered as method of choice in that center. In this meta- analysis, frequently used post- thoracotomy analgesic methods were compared, to find the best reliable method for pain control with the least side effects and/ or side effects. We compared the post- thoracotomy pain in first 24 hours as measured by visual analog scale for patient groups undergoing epidural analgesia plus systemic opioids, epidural analgesia plus intercostals nerve block [INB], epidural plus paravertebral block [PVB], and epidural plus interplural information was assessed from 28 randomized clinical trials that compared these methods two among 1697 post- thoracotomy patients. Random effects model, effect size index, and standardized mean differences were used. Statistical values were assessed using standard errors and results were using 5% lower and upper confidece limits. Epidural analgesia has had better effects with less side effects in comparisson with systemic administeration method during first 24 hours. [95% CI= 0.9812 to 0.3844] Epidural method has had no significant difference with intercostal nerve block during average first 24 hours [95% CI= O 2171 to + 5906] Epidural analgesia has had better effects in comparisson with interpleural method in first. 24 hours [95% CI= - 101166 to - 0.0106].Epidural analgesic is more effective than paravertebral method in the first 24 hour [95% CI= + 01744 to - 0.4572]. In conclusion to our study it seems that. Epidural analgesia is suitable and preferable method for post- op. analgesia at most circumstances. More studies with much more articles will evaluate this results in the future

[ influences of low frequency noise on mental performance]

Although the evolution of industrial systems toward digital technologies decreased the exposure to high levels of noise, it has created some problems encountered with low level and provoking noise [low frequency noise]. In the present work, the mental performance of students exposed to low frequency and reference noises at low and high levels [45 and 65 dB] were studied. Additionally, other factors such as annoyance, sensitivity to low frequency noise and hearing status of participants were considered. After generating low frequency and reference noises required for the study, a pilot study was conducted. Then, 54 students participated in the main study after preliminary tests. Their mental performances were evaluated with standard psychological tests while they were exposed to low frequency and reference noises at 45 and 65 dBA. The results showed that noise annoyance and low frequency noise sensitivity do not have a significant correlation with age and sex. The results also revealed that, low frequency noise at 65 dB can decrease concentration [P=0.003] and increase response time [P=0.039] of performance in comparison with low frequency noise at 45 dB. On the other hand, reference noise at 65 dB can increase speed [P<0.001] of performance in comparison with reference noise at 45 dB. Low frequency noise can reduce the mental performance and increase its response time