Identification of the seed essential oil composition of four apiaceae species and comparison of their biological effects on sitophilus oryzae L. and tribolium castaneum [Herbst.]

Background: the Apiaceae family is defined with the diversity of essential oil. Some of composition could be used to control of storage pests

Objective: this study was conducted to estimate and identification of the seed essential oil composition of four Apiaceae species

Methods: the essential oil composition of the seeds of the four Apiaceae's species including [Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgar Mill, Coriandrum sativum L. and Petroselinum hortense] were identified by Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry [GC-MS] and compared with each other. Finally, biological effects of the four different species of Apiaceae family were evaluated against adult insects of two important storage pests

Results: the results of analysis showed Anethol with 76.56% and 76.22% is the original component of Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgar Mill, respectively. Also, Linalool with 58.80% and ?-Pinene with 42.15% are the original components of Coriandrum sativum L. and Petroselinum hortense, respectively

Discussion: regarding to the identified components of the essential oils and obtained results, Pimpinella anisum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. showed the most fumigant toxicity on the storage pests

Insecticidal effects of peppermint and black pepper essential oils against rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae L. and rice moth, corcyra cephalonica [st.]

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae and rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica are major and cosmopolitan insect. Adults of S. oryzae [male and female] and both larvae are insatiable feeders on a great variety of grains. This study was conducted to estimate the insecticidal effect of essential oils from peppermint, Mentha piperita L. and black pepper, Piper nigrum L. against two major stored product insects. Essential oils from two species of plants were obtained by clevenger-type water distillation. The major compounds in these essential oils were identified using gas chromatographymass spectrometry and their insecticidal effect was tested against adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. and the 3[rd] instars larvae of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica [St.]. The major compounds found in peppermint were menthol, isomenthone, limonene and cineole and in black pepper were limonene, alpha and beta pinene and caryophyllene. Highest toxicities were observed against S. oryzae populations treated with M. piperita and P. nigrum essential oils with LC[50] values of 85.0 and 287.7 micro L/L air after 72 hours after commencement, respectively. In the case of C. cephalonica larvae, the LC[50] values were 343.9 and 530.5 micro L/L air for M. piperita and P. nigrum essential oils at 72 hours after commencement, respectively. These results are attributed to the compounds present in essential oils of M. piperita and P. nigrum. It was resulted that M. piperita and P. nigrum oils have insecticidal effects against S. oryzae and C. cephalonica. For this reasons, the selected plant oils have potential for development of novel insecticides

[ effect of orientation program on stress, anxiety and depression of patients undergoing coronary angiography]

Hospitalization causes anxiety for many patients. It increases when patients anticipate their turn for coronary angiography. Education and orientation reduces the psycho- physiologic effects of anxiety and stress. To determine the effect of Orientation Program on stress, anxiety and depression in patient under coronary angiography, who had hospitalization in heart and post angio ward of shahid Beheshti center of heart in Zanjan. In a quasi-experimental, 60 patient under angiography were randomly assigned to either the test group: those who received orientation program, or the control group. Data collection tools were included: the DASS-21 Standard Questionnaire for patients' stress, anxiety and depression. Subjects' stress, anxiety and depression levels were measured before angiography. And finally the collected data was analyzed by SPSS software. After intervention, the independent t-test showed that the anxiety, stress, and depression level [P<0.05] were reduced in case group. This study showed that patients in case group experienced lower anxiety, stress, and depression level. Therefore proposed to be used orientation program before invasive diagnostic procedures

[Comparative study on two methods, Benson relaxation Vs premeditation, and their effect on respiratory rate and pulse rate of patients experiencing coronary angiography]

One of the cause of anxiety for most patients is hospitalization. Once the patients are hospitalized for cardiac catheterization, the anxiety would be augmented. The anxiety raises body physiological and psychological activities such as: heart rate and respiratory rate. This research, as clinical trial study, has the objective to determine the influence of applying two methods of relaxation and premeditation on respiratory rate and pulse rate in hospitalized patients, experiencing coronary angiography, in heart and postangio wards of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Zanjan, at 2003. 40 patients who were candidates for CA, has been studied, in regard to existing conditions and methods of sampling and random allocation to two groups of relaxation, and premedication. Data collection tool included demographic and disease related information sheet, as well as record sheets for respiratory rate and pulse rate at intervals of 8-12 and 1/2 hrs before, during and after the angiography. For relaxation group, the researcher would speak individually about the influence of relaxation, the day before angiography; then with the aid of client himself/herself, performed relaxation instances in a single bout, and eventually asked client to perform relaxation technique 2-3 times before going for angiography. In premedication group, patients received regular preangiographic medications including diazepam, chlorpheniramine, metoclopramid, and hydrocortisone. Respiratory rate and pulse rate were measured in both groups 8-12 and 1/2 hrs, before during and after CA. Afterward, resulted data were analyzed statistically by [SPSS] software for windows. Pulse rate at 8-12 hours before, during and after the angiography showed no significant difference between two groups [p>0.05]. Thus our research hypothesis that "alterations of respiratory rate and pulse rate in patients under coronary angiography, who get relaxation, are identical to those in premedicaton group", would be confirmed These results show that the premeditation method can be substituted by relaxation before practicing invasive procedures

[ effect of premedication on hemodynamic state of patientsexperiencing coronary angiography]

Invasive diagnostic procedures such as coronary angiography, in most cases, are accompanied by stress and anxiety in patients which in turn may affect the hemodynamic, signs. To determine the effect of premedication on hemodynamic parameters in patients under coronary angiography, who were hospitalized in heart and post-angio unit at shahid Beheshti heart center in Zanjan during the year 2003.This was a quasi-exprimental study in which 40 patients under angiography were selected and marked as premedication and control groups for the purpose of this research. Data collection tools were two forms used to record hemodynamic parameters during 8-12hours and half an hour pre-, during and post- angiography and also a questionnaire to record demographic data. In premedication group, patients were taken drugs including Diazepam, Chlorpheniramine, Metoclopramide and Hydrocortisone. In control group, patients were taken only routine nursing cares. In both groups, hemodynamic parameters were measured during 8-12 hours and half an hour pre-, during and post- angiography. The data were analyzed statistically usingSPSS.Therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweencontrolandpremedicationhemodynamic parameters [systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, L.V.P pressure, end diastolic pressure, systolic and diastolic aorta pressure][p>0.05].There were no significant changes in hemodynamic signs between control and premedication groups

efficancy of herbal medicine khar maryam [silybum marianum[L.] Gaertn] on liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B patients

Cirrhosis is the irreversible sequel of various disorders that damage liver cells permanently over time. Presently, the use of herbal medicines for prevention and control of chronic liver diseases is in the focus of attention for both the physicians and the patients; the reasons for such shift toward the use of herbals include the expensive cost of conventional drugs adverse drug reactions, and their inefficacy The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicine Khar maryam or silymarin on liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis patients compare to placebo therapy 60 chronic hepatitis B cirrhotic patients were selected out of 500 patients to Tehran Hepatic center The patients were randomly divided in two groups of 30 patients One group received silymarin l50mg/kg three times a day and the other group placebo received for twelve months. The outcome measures included child-pugh score,ascitis, serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT] total billirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, platelet and white blood cells counts. The indices were recorded in all patients before and after 12 months of drug or placebo treatment The results demonstrated that the patients treatment with silymarin for 12 months had significantly better child-pugh score, decreased ascitis, decreased serum AST and ALT. In placebo administered patients all the clinical parameters recorded before and after 12 months were not significantly different. We conclude that silymarin treatment for 12 months in cirrhotic patients has hepatoprotective effect. To investigate the effects of this herbal remedy on the mortality rate of cirrhotic ratients, asimilar study, over an extended period has to be carried out

[Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: A double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial]

Depression is a serious disorder in today's society. With estimates of lifetime prevalence as high as 21% of the general population in some developed countries. As a therapeutically plant, saffron it is considered an excellent stomach ailment and an antispasmodic, helps digestion and increases appetite. It is also used for depression in Persian traditional medicine. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of stigmas of Crocus sativus [saffron] in the treatment of mild to moderate depression in a 6-week double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized trial. Forty adult outpatients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition for major depression based on the structured clinical interview for DSM IV participated in the trial. Patients have a baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score of at least 18. In this double-blind, placebo controlled, single-center trial and randomized trial, patients were randomly assigned to receive capsule of saffron 30 mg/day [BD] [Group 1] and capsule of placebo [BD] [Group 2] for a 6-week study. At 6 weeks, Crocus sativus produced a significantly better outcome on Hamilton Depression Rating scale than placebo [d.f.=1, F= 18.89, p<0.001]. There were no significant differences in the two groups in terms of observed side effects. The results of this study indicate the efficacy of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. A large- scale trial is justified

Expenses of health facilities in rural and urban health care centers in Zanjan

Expenses of health facilities have a great impact on their quality. The present study was conducted to determine the expenses of each health facility in rural and urban health care centers in Zanjan province in 2001.For this descriptive study, 26 minor health care centers in small villages, 6 rural and 5 urban health care centers were selected through randomized sampling. Expenses were determined according to the type of facility, the exact center, and also type of expense. Thus, expenses of usable materials and equipment, specific equipment, drugs, building repairs, vehicles, personnel, and other equipment were all determined in accordance to the population.Expenses of minor health care centers in small villages, rural and urban health care centers were 49, 330, and 44 million Rials, respectively. Personnel expenses were by far the most common type of expenses that comprised 25.7, 21.5, and 31.3% of the aforementioned centers' expenses, respectively. Unfortunately, government has not allocated enough budgets for these health care centers. Meanwhile, paying further attention to the managing aspects of such centers could be helpful to control their expenses. Similar studies are highly recommended in other centers