Evaluation of efficiency in patients with a chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis in Jahrom University, 2018

Introduction:Patients with a chronic renal failure are confronted with many physical and psychological stresses. One of the effective factors in improving the quality of hemodialysis patients is self-efficacy, which means one's confidence in the capability of carrying out self-care behaviors in a particular condition. Considering the importance of self-efficacy in patients' coping with the illness and having a successful life, the researchers decided to put in necessary plans to improve the level of self-efficacy in this population of patients and increase their self-confidence in the treatment plan.Method:The present study is an analytical descriptive study. It includes all patients over 18 years with a chronic renal illness , reading and writing skills, auditory, verbal and caution ability to answer the patients' questions who have at least undergone of one year of treatment by hemodialysis and coverage of dialysis center at Shahid Motahhari Educational Hospital Under the supervision of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done by census method. A 2-part questionnaire was used to collect information. The first part consists of demographic information. The second part consists of a self-efficacy questionnaire consisting of 29 questions of 5 options. In order to determine the self-efficacy score, the mean and standard deviation of scores were calculated first and then, taking into account the upper limit and the lower limit, the sum and subtraction of the mean and the standard deviation scoring were made. After collecting the data, by using the SPSS21 software, the data were analyzed.Results:56% of the samples were male and the rest were female. Most(about 87%) were married and the average age was 60.9 ± 1.4.Self-efficacy scorein the samples was 56.6 ± 1.2. Self-efficacy score in married people (57.5 ± 11.5) was higher than single ones (44.2 ± 6.0 and p less than 0.001). Self-efficacy was significantly higher in people over 60 years than those under 60 years. Self-efficacy score was higher in those without a history of renal disease (62.3 ± 11.5) than those with a history of renal disease (55.5 ± 11.8 and p less than 0.05).However, there was no significant relationship between the self-efficacy score with sex, number of children, the cause of renal disease, economic status, occupational status, history of renal disease in the family, duration of the disease and duration of treatment with hemodialysis. Evaluation of efficiency in patients with a chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis in Jahrom University,2018Zeinijahromi M, et al. 2Conclusion: Due to the low self-efficacy score in people under 60 years, single and with longer illness, we can conclude that it should be given more attention and therapeutic plans to thesethree groups to improve self-efficacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Jahromcity.

[Effect of solvent removal on microtensile bond strength of etch and rinse systems under vigorous application to wet and dry dentin]

Adhesive systems are commonly used for restorative dental procedures. Solvent removal may be effective for increasing the microtensile bond strength of etch and rinse systems to dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of solvent removal on microtensile bond strength of etch and rinse systems to wet and dry dentin. This in-vitro study was conducted on 40 intact human extracted third molars. A flat superficial dentin surface was exposed by wet abrasion. The specimens were randomly assigned to five groups. Two coats of the solvent-based [SB] and solvent-free [SF] adhesives were applied to dry [D] or rewetted [W] surfaces, under vigorous rubbing action after phosphoric acid etching according to the manufacturer's instructions. The examined groups included: group one: adhesive with solvent on dry dentin, group two: adhesive without solvent on dry dentin, group three: adhesive with solvent on wet dentin, group 4: adhesive without solvent on wet dentin and group 5 [control group]. After light curing [600mW/cm[2]/10 s], composite build-ups were constructed incrementally and specimens were stored in water [37[degree sign]C/24 h]. They were longitudinally sectioned in the "x" and "y" directions to obtain bonded sticks [1mm[2]] for immediate testing at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The resultant bond strength was expressed for different fracture patterns. The microshear bond strength test was carried out in a Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 2 software. P<0.05 was considered significant. The highest bond strength was achieved in group 1 and the lowest in group 4; but the differences among groups in this respect were not statistically significant Within the limitations of this study, the results showed that presence of solvent was not essential to achieve high bond strength values to dry and wet dentin when applied vigorously

Effect of bleaching on shear bond strength of composite resin to bovine enamel using three bonding agents

In many studies reduction in bond strength of bleached enamel has been pointed out. The decrease in bond strength raised concern in cosmetic dentistry. However, there is little information about the effects of bleaching, on reduction of enamel bond strength in new bonding systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three dental bonding agents on shear bond strength of a composite to bleached enamel. In this in vitro study, sixty intact bovine mandibular incisors were collected and randomly divided into six groups [n=10]. In group A, the facial enamel was etched with 35% phosphoric acid gel, then a single layer of bonding agent [SingleBond, 3M, ESPE] was applied and light-cured for 40 seconds by a light-curing device [ColtoluxII colten] with 400 mw/cm[2] light intensity according to the manufacturer's instructions . In group B: after etching of enamel surfaces, Clearfil SE-Bond [Kuraray Medical Inc.] was used. In group C: after etching of enamel surface, Clearfil S3 Bond [Kuraray, Medical Inc.] was used. In groups D, E, and F 35% carbamide peroxide [Opalescence, Ultradent Products Inc.] was applied on the enamel surfaces for 5 hours according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Afterwards the specimens were rinsed thoroughly with distilled water for 60 seconds and dried with compressed air. Immediately after bleaching, bonding regimes similar to groups A, B, and C were carried out in groups D, E, and F, respectively. Then, cylinders of hybrid composite were bonded to the facial enamel surface of all specimens, using 3 dental bonding agents. After 24 hours, the specimens were thermocycled [5-55°C, l000cycles], and then subjected to shear bond testing by a universal machine Zwick [Zo20, Germany]. The data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA and post hoc tests. All statistical tests were performed with SPSS version 11. The mean shear bond strength of SingleBond to bleached and unbleached enamel was 8.36 +/- 3.30 and 20.17 +/- 6.52 MPa, respectively. For Clearfil SE bond, bleached enamel exhibited bond strengths of 12.25 +/- 6.61Mpa and unbleached enamel exhibited a bond strength value of 17.66 +/- 5.82 Mpa. The bond strength for Clearfil S3 bond was 6.66 +/- 2.57 Mpa to bleached andl0.40 +/- 3.65Mpa to unbleached enamel. Shear bond strength of hybrid composite to bleached enamel in three experimental groups decreased but this reduction was not statistically significant for Clearfil SE bond

Effect of sodium hypochlorite on microleakage of three-step total etch bonding systems with different solvents

some recent research have reported increased stability in mechanisms of adhesion to dentin in remove of collagen fiber of the dentin surface.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium hypochlorite in microleakage of three step total etch dental adhesives with different solvents. this experimental study on 80 intact bovine incisor teeth, were prepared class V cavities on buccal surface of teeth, box shap and all walls on enamel. Then the specimens were randomly divided into eight groups [n=10]. NaOCl+etching+ SBMP [waterbase], NaOCl+etching+ All Bond[2] [Acetonebase], etching+ NaOCl+ SBMP, etching+ NaOCl+ All Bond[2], NaOCl+ SBMP, NaOCl+ All Bond[2], etching+ SBMP, etching+ All Bond[2]. Then the cavities were restored using Z[250] [3M] composite and Coltolux 75 light curing unit [350 mw/cm2]. The specimens were thermo cycled for 1000 times on water baths of 5 and 55[Oc]. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in a 2% aqueous solutions of basic fuchsin for 24 hours, then longitudinal section of each restoration was obtained and examined with a stereomicroscope for evaluation of micro leakage. The data were analyzed using kruskal-walls test and the mean of micro leakage of samples were compared by two- way ANOVA test. The findings showed that the higher rate of micro leakage was detected in hypo+Acid and lower rate of micro leakage was detected in Acid+hypo in different treatment method. The finding was different in hypo+Acid procedure, the higher rate of micro leakage was in SBMP. In hypo groups, the microleakage with ALL Bond 2 was higher than SBMP. In control groups, the microleakage with SBMP was higher than ALL Bond 2. Application of Naoci before dentin etching for removal organic materials increase the rate of microleakage of All Bondz, SBMP to that of control group

[Microleakage evaluation of silorane-based composites versus low shirinkage methacrylate-based composites]

Determining the best restorative material to decrease microleakage in class V restorations is of great importance in operative dentistry. The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the microleakage of silorane-based composites compared to low shrinkage methacrylate-based composites in class V restorations. In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 24 human premolars and molars [48 cavities]. The specimens were divided into four groups of 6[12 cavities] as follows: group 1 [LS System Adhesive, Primer and Bond + Filtek P90], group 2 [Kalore-GC+ Clearfil SE bond], group 3 [Clearfil SE bond + Grandio] and group4 [Clearfil SE bond + Aelite LS Posterior]. All the specimens were thermocycled for 2000 cycles [5-50°C]. The teeth were then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours at 37°C, sectioned and observed under stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests at a P<0.05 level of significance. There were no significant differences in microleakage among the four groups at the occlusal margin [P>0.05]. But, there were statistically significant differences in microleakage between Silorane and Aelite at the gingival margin [P<0.05]. Statistically significant differences were also found in microleakage between occlusal and gingival margins [except for Kalore and Silorane] [P>0.05] Silorane was not superior to the conventional low shrinkage methacrylate-based composites except for Aelite in terms of microleakage

[ effect of different bonding agent curing times on microleakage of composite restorations in enamel and dentin margins using two curing systems]

Lack of appropriate seal is one of the major problems in composite restorations. Properties of the bonding system can play a crucial role in sealing ability of these restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of composite restorations with varying irradiation time for curing dentin bonding agents with two different curing devices in class V cavities. In this experimental study, 60 intact extracted human molars and premolars were subjected to standard class V cavity preparations. Cavities were divided to six groups. Following etching, Excite bonding agent was applied and light cured using QTH and LED systems for 20, 30 and 40 seconds and cavities were filled with composite. The filled cavities were subjected to 3000 thermal cycles with 5-55 degree temperatures. Teeth were immersed into 0.5% basic fushin dye and sectioned occlusogingivally from the restoration middle area and the microleakage was determined using stereomicroscope by a 5-scaled rankings. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests with p<.0.05 as the level of significance. No leakage was found in enamel margins. The type of light curing device did not have any significant effect on dentin margins microleakage [p>0.05]. Furthermore, no significant reduction in microleakage scores were observed in the restorations irradiated with different curing times [p>0.05]. QTH and LED curing units in 20, 30, and 40 s curing time did not have any significant effect on microleakage of class V composite restoration margins

[Determination of fire and explosion loss in a chemical industry by fire and explosion index]

Fire and explosion accidents cause numerous economical, environmental and human losses in industries. The aim of this study was to present a new method for fire and explosion loss estimation by virtue of fire and explosion index to determine the premium rate. This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out in Bandar Imam petrochemical complex in 2006. Initially, the fire and explosion index was calculated in selected process units and the hazard radius, equipment value, and the base maximum probable property damage determined. To determine the actual maximum property damage, the loss control credit factor was assessed. Finally, the days' outage and business interruption losses were estimated. Data analyzed with DOW fire and explosion software. The stripper column with 226 F and EI value, actual maximum property damage of about 6.7 million dollars, days' outage of about 120 days, and business interruption loss of about 89 million dollars was identified as the most critical unit of the factory. The least hazardous unit detected was the Nafta storage tank with 64 F and EI value and actual maximum property damage of about 0.36 million dollars. All factors affecting the fire and explosion risk were shown to be among the indices that are considered as a base for loss estimation. Business interruption losses are higher than actual maximum property damage and these losses are not insured in Iran industries. In this technique, the effects of control measures on reducing fire and explosion losses were considered and the estimated losses could be regarded as a base to determine the premium rate

[Effect of mechanical load cycling on class V glass- ionomer and composite restorations; a microleakage and scanning electron microscopic evaluation]

Microleakage is an important problem with direct restorations and familiarity with its contributing factors is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was scanning electron microscopic evaluation of marginal integrity in three types of class V tooth-colored restorations and the effect of load cycling on their microleakage. In this in vitro study, class V cavity preparations were made on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 bovine incisors [60 cavities]. The specimens were divided into three groups [n=10 each or 20 cavities] and restored as follows: group 1: with Filtek Z350[nanocomposite], group 2: Fuji IX/G Coat Plus[CGIC], and group 3: Fuji II LC[RMGI]. All specimens were finished and polished immediately and were thermocycled [_2000,5-50 °C]. In each group, half of the teeth were load cycled .Epoxy resin replicas of 12 specimens were evaluated under FE-SEM and interfacial gaps were measured. Finally the teeth were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye for 24 hours at room temperature, sectioned and observed under stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and a comparison between incisal and cervical microleakage was made with Wilcoxon test. It was shown that the mechanical load cycling caused a statistically significant increase in cervical microleakage of Fuji IX and Fuji II LC and in incisal microleakage of Fuji II LC. Microleakage in Z350 with load-cycling and Fuji IX with and without load-cycling was significantly higher in cervical compared with incisal area. Both incisal and cervical microleakage were significantly different among these materials under load-cycling.[Fuji II LC>Fuji IX>Z350]. It was concluded that the marginal sealing ability of Fuji IX under loadcycling was better than that of Fuji II LC. Z350 showed better marginal integrity while being load-cycled than both Fuji II LC and Fuji IX

[Laboratory assessment of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with three different post and core systems]

Prefabricated posts are advantageous in restoring endodontically treated teeth because of their lower cost and operation time. Since selecting a suitable restoration is important in the survival of these teeth, in this study fracture resistance and the mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with three different post and core systems were evaluated. In this in vitro study, 36 human premolars were divided into three groups; namely, group 1, non precious cast post and core; group 2, prefabricated metal post with amalgam core; group 3, FRC post and composite core. All groups received crowning. Specimens were thermocycled and loaded until definite failure. The fracture resistance and failure modes were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Fisher Exact tests. The mean failure load for the three groups was 794, 647 and 724 N, respectively. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between the fracture resistance of the three experimental groups [P=0.0579]. All failures in group 1, eight in group 2 and three in group 3, were unrestorable. Fisher's Exact test showed significant difference between group 3 and the two other groups [P<0.05]. If there is a 2-mm ferrule, the type of post and core does not have a significant effect on the fracture resistance, but it has a significant effect on the failure mode

Comparison of the absorbed dose of target organs in conventional and digital lateral cephalometric radiography

Due to the widespread use of lateral cephalometric radiography especially in orthodontic therapy and orthognathic surgery, obtaining radiographs of high quality with the least amount of radiation exposure is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to compare the absorbed dose of head and neck target organs in conventional and digital lateral cephalometric radiography. In this experimental study, RANDO phantom was used for absorbed dose estimation in thyroid, parotid, pituitary and submandibular glands, bone marrow and ocular lens. The phantom was exposed 60 times: 30 times with CRANEX Tome, Soredex and 30 times with CRANEX D, Soredex with standard exposure settings. TLD [GR-200] dosimeters were used to measure organ doses. A total of 69 TLDs were used with 9 TLDs for background radiation. T-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean absorbed dose of target organs was 0.04 +/- 0.005 mSv for conventional and 0.01 +/- 0.002 mSv for digital technique. The difference in absorbed dose in all target organs except for the thyroid gland [P=0.08] between the two techniques of conventional and digital was statistically significant. [P=0.01] $ Use of digital lateral cephalometric system causes a significant reduction in absorbed dose compared to the conventional film-screen system

[ effects of different surface treatments of a fiber post on its bond strength with a composite core in endodontically treated teeth]

In order to improve the bond strength between fiber post and composite core, many surface treatment procedures have been performed on posts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different surface treatments of a quartz fiber post [DT Light Post] on its bond strength with a composite core [Clearfil Photocore] after water storage and thermocycling. In this interventional, in-vitro study, fifty human canine teeth were endodontically treated and post spaces were prepared. A total of fifty fiber posts were divided into five groups according to the surface treatment preformed as control [no treatment], silanenized, sandblasted, sandblasted and silanized, etched with hydrofluoric acid and silanized. After cementation of posts with Panavia F2 in the canals, composite cores were built on them. Consequently, the core parts were cut and stored in deionized water at room temperature for three months. Then thermocycling in 3000 cycles was performed between 5°C and 55°C. Then two 1 mm-diameter slices were obtained from each core. Finally, bond strength was measured by the push out test. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Data of all five groups followed normal distribution, but there were no significant differences between them. The sandblasted and silanized group had the highest bond strength [11.3 +/- 4.6] and the control group had the lowest bond strength [9.6 +/- 3.7]. In this study, sandblasting, etching with hydrofluoric acid and silanization did not increase the bond strength between fiber post and composite core

Survey on comparison of the analgesic effects of carbamazepine and diclofenac on knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common arthicular disease of human. Medical managements of this disorder are mostly limited to relieving pain usually by NSAIDs. However, due to many side effects of these medications, especially on elderly patients, long-term therapy with these drugs is of major concern. In this study, the analgesic effect of carbamazepine on knee Osteoarthritis was compared with diclofenac as a NSAID and placebo. In this double-blind randomised clinical trial study, 60 patients diagnosed with knee Osteoarthritis were investigated for 12 months. The patients were then categorised into three groups; carbamazepine, diclofenac, and placebo groups. After two weeks of treatment, the pain relief rate was re-evaluated for each patient using Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]. The data was then analysed using Chi-Square test. Patients categorised as carbamazepine and diclofenac groups showed a marked pain relief after treatment period compared to the placebo group [p<0.05 vsp= 0.12 respectively]. However, the analgesic effect of carbamazepine was not significant compared to diclofenac. Carbamazepine has a same analgesic effect on knee Osteoarthritis as NSAIDs. So, it may be a favorite alternative to NSAIDs in patients who are not able to tolerate the detrimental effects of these drugs

[ prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the city and suburb of Mohammadabad, Jiroft district and identification of parasite species by nested-PCR, 2008]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL] is a health problem in the world, including Iran. The objective of this study was to assess the epidemiology of CL and determination of the causative parasite species in the city and suburb of Mohammadabad, Jiroft district. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed in census manner. Diagnosis was based on direct smear microscopy and Nested-PCR technique was applied for the identification of species. Overall, 3516 individuals consisting of 1743 females [49.6%] and 1773 males [50.4%] were physically examined for the presence of active lesion or scar. The prevalence rate was 6.2% in female and 4.5% in male subjects with a significant difference [P<0.05]. Most of the infection was in the age group of 11-20 years [10.5%] and the lowest was in the age group of 21-30 year [3%]. Most of the lesions were on the face [47%] and the majority [64%] had one lesion. Based on Nested-PCR technique all examined cases were Leishmania tropica. This study has been conducted for the first time in north of Jiroft district in proximity of Bam district. Increasing rate of this disease after the earthquake and in accordance with the epidemic condition in the city of Bam is due to the frequent traveling of people to this rural area

[Shear bond strength of zirconia post to root dentin with two different cements and comparison with fiber posts]

In the recent years, the demand for esthetic restoration led to development of tooth colored post. The establishment of reliable retention between post and root canal is an important factor. Current prefabricated tooth-colored posts are fiber and zirconia posts. Loss of fitness in these posts reduces the post retention; therefore, there is a need for fabricating a tooth colored post that may be fitted in the root canal. The aim of this study was to compare the bond strength of fiber posts and custom made zirconia posts with two cement types [resin cement and zinc phosphate] to root dentin. Thirty-two single root extracted teeth were prepared and endodontically treated. They were divided into two groups [fiber post, zirconia post]; in each group two cement subgroups [zincphosphate and panavia F2] were used for cementation. Bond strength was measured with the push-out method. Failure modes were observed under a stereomicroscope [20x]. Data were analyzed with the two way ANOVA test. In both post groups, bond strengths of panavia F2 were higher than zinc phosphate. The least bond strength was for fiber post/zinc phosphate group [4.60MPa] and the highest bond strength was for zirconia/Panavia F2[14.92 MPa]. Most of the failures were at the post-cement interface. Higher bond strength may be achieved with custom made zirconia post and resin cement than fiber posts. So, fitness is a critical factor in post retention and we should not rely only on the bonding ability of resin cement for post retention

[Effects of different surface treatments on bond strengths of a non-metallic post in root's canal]

The establishment of reliable bonds at root-post-core interfaces is critical for the clinical success of post retained restorations. Severe stress concentration at post-cement interface increases the probability of post depending from the root. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different surface treatments on bond strengths of a non-metallic post in the root. Fifty extracted human canines or premolars that had just one root canal were endodontically treated. D.T Light Posts [RTD/France] received surface treatments in five categories: 1] Application of silane. 2] Sandblast with Alumina particles. 3] Sandblast with Alumina particles+ application of silane. 4] Etching with hydrofluoric acid+ application of silane. The posts were cemented in roots using panavia F 2.0 resin cement. A push-out test was performed on three different sections of each root to measure bond strengths. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Post hoc tests at P<0.05. Failure modes were observed under a stereomicroscope [10]. Surface treatments used in this study [silane application, sandblast, sandblast+ silane, HF etching+ silane] did not increase the push-out bond strengths of fiber post used in this study. [P>0.05]. The most failures in different groups of surface treatments occurred at the cement material-post interface. The use of silane, sandblast method and etching with HF did not increase the push-out bond strength of fiber post used in this study

[In vitro evaluation of Fuji IX glass ionomer to microleakage after exposure to hydrogen peroxide 35% in class V restoration]

Fuji IX packable glass ionomer has anti-carious properties by adhesion to tooth structure. It seems to provide adequate seal between tooth structure and restoration due to the development of ionic crosslinks. Furthermore, bleaching may affect the marginal seal of restorations, subsequently increasing the leakage of oral fluids and bacteria into the restored structure. The aim was to evaluate the effect of packable glass ionomer [Fuji IX] on the microleakage of Class V restoration exposed with and without H2O2 35%. Forty sound human molars and premolars were selected and class V standard cavities were prepared on each tooth. The specimens were assigned in two case and control groups while cases were exposed to H2O2 35% for the subsequent 5 days [30 minutes each day thrice] and the controls were stored in serum physiology. The specimens were thermocycled, stained with fushin and sectioned longitudinally. The microleakage scores were determined and subjected to Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests in both groups. The mean and median of leakage scores in four regions of control specimens were 1.588 and 1.625 while the ratios were 1.913 and 2.25 for the teeth exposed to H2O2. The teeth exposed to H2O2 35% leaked higher than control specimens in the mesial region [p<0.04], while no significant differences were observed between two groups in the other areas. The use of Fuji IX glass ionomer cements in the restoration of class V cavities is an acceptable treatment modality for the restoration of bleached teeth

effects of acupressure on anxiety nursing, midwifery and operating room students

Anxiety is a type of worry and fear can effects learning, decision making and performance of medical sciences and clinical decision making. Based on literature review, acupressure non medical method for decrease of anxiety is an appropriate method to reduce anxiety. Determine the effects of acupressure on anxiety nursing, midwifery and operating room students in the beginning of clinical training. In this single-blind clinical trial study, 66 students of nursing, midwifery and operating room that were in the parts of neonatal, delivery and operating room in the beginning of training course were selected. They were divided to P6 and Thumbs groups. The questionnaire included two parts: l] demographic data [sex and age], 2] Silberberg state trait anxiety scale completed before and after applying pressure in each group. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Stata software used for study power analysis. The mean and standard deviation was 21/26+1/80 for age and 93/9%of samples were female. Also P6 and thumb group were equal in age and sex. There were not any significant difference between state and trait anxiety before intervention in all of the students and two groups were equal. In addition after acupressure we found increased mean of state and trait anxiety in nurse and operative room students than before acupressure, but it decreased in midwifery students that this was not significant statistically. It seems that ineffectiveness of acupressure on nurse, midwifery neonatal and operative room parts, causes of client's referral and their condition sensitivity

Effect of the thermal and mechanical load cycling on microleakage of packable composite resin

Some studies have reported packable composite has good mechanical properties including less stress, polymerization shrinkage and lower coefficient in thermal expansion, but it's adaptation to cavity walls is not so good. This study evaluated the thermal cycling and Mechanical loading on microleakage of packable composite using in-vitro method. Forty eight bovine incisors were selected; Cl II cavity preparations were performed. The teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. After etching, the teeth were rinsed with distilled water and dried with cotton pellet. Single bond [3M] adhesive system was applied next according to the manufacturer's instructions. The surface was light-cured [Intensity 520 MW/cm[2] and the cavities were filled with P 60 composite [3M]. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups and two subgroups [n=12]. Each group was treated with different thermal and mechanical load cycling. The entire surface of each tooth was coated with three layers of Nail polish, except for the 1- mm width around the cervical margin. The teeth were immersed in 2% fushin solution for two hours and then embedded in acrylic resin. Then they were hemi-sectioned longitudinally in a mesio-distal direction through the center of the restoration. The half tooth specimens were evaluated according to the amount of dye microleakage by means of a 40xmagnification. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, and Kruskal-Wallis test. No significant difference was detected between the four groups [P>0.05]. According to the results of this study, thermo cycling and mechanical loading showed no effect on microleakage

Pediatrician - based malnutrition reduction in children under 5 years of age: an interventional project a health- treatment center

Malnutrition, especially in the developing countries, is a common disease of children. Some causes of malnutrition are inappropriate supplementary feeding, parental low nutrition-related knowledge, and childhood diseases especially digestive and respiratory disorders. Various interventions have been made in different countries based on their present conditions and facilities. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of interventions conducted by nutrition consulting center based on pivotal role of pediatrician at health center over growth status in children suffering from malnutrition. In this intervening quasi -experimental study, 189 children between 6-48 months affected by malnutrition were identified and included in the investigation using random sampling method. After verifiying diagnosis by pediatrist, required interventions were made and growth indices were determined before and after the intervention. Who's Anthro software and graphs were used to evaluate growth indices. Results indicated that 17.8 and 9.1% of boys and girls were respectively suffering from acute thinness; however, after intervention these findings reduced to 4.4 and 5.1% respectively. Moreover, 14.4 and 6.1% of the boys and girls who suffered from acute low-weight showed meaningful lower problem the intervention. The interventions could not deal with shortness of stature in the society. Through setting up intervening centers pivoted by pediatricians at the center of the provinces aimed at recognizing and treating children suffering from malnutrition as well as activating referral systems, we may take a step forward into a better situation therein improving the status of children suffering from low weight and malnutrition

[ effect of incorporation of different concentrations of ethanol as a solvent on the microshear bond strength of a solvent-free dentin bonding agent]

Different studies have demonstrated that resin penetration into collagen fibers is influenced and promoted by the presence of a solvent in the bonding agents, but in order to create a reliable bond, it should be removed before curing. This study investigates the effect of adding ethanol as a solvent on the microshear bond strength of a solvent-free dentin bonding agent. After removing the occlusal enamel of 20 caries-free human third molars, midcoronal dentin slices, each about 2 mm thick were prepared then polished by slicion paper. The superficial dentin surfaces were randomly distributed into four groups and treated with James-2 containing different concentrations of ethanol [0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%] in two layers and then light-cured. The micro shear bond strength [micro SBS] was testes using a universal testing machine. The data were finally subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. James-2 containing 5 wt% ethanol provided the highest micro-shear bond strength [32.1 +/- 6.69 MPa]. There were no statistical differences in micro SBS values between other groups [25 +/- 5.8 MPa, 24.8 +/- 4.93 MPa and 21.8 +/- 4.51 MPa, respectively]. Adding ethanol as a solvent resulted in increased micro shear bond strength to dentin. At higher solvent concentrations no significant change was observed indicating that the solvents may not have been completely removed leading to poor polymerization and porosity reflected as lower bond strengths