Analysis of ground water fluoride content and its association with prevalence of fluorosis in zarand/Kerman: [using GIS]

Statement of Problem: The concentration of fluoride in water is usually higher in areas around the coal mines. Zarand region in the south-east of Iran is known for its coal mines. Some studies have shown the high prevalence of fluorosis and some studies reported high levels of fluoride in the region

Objectives: This study aimed to use Geographic Information System [GIS] to assess the relationship between water fluoride content and the prevalence of fluorosis and its spatial distribution in Zarand region

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to recruit 550 people aged 7-40 years in Zarand. Dental examination for fluorosis was conducted based on the Dean's Index. The level of fluoride in the water was determined in samples of water taken from 35 areas. Information on fluorosis and fluoride content was mapped on GIS

Results: Most participants lived in rural areas [87.25%] and had an educational status of high school level [66%]. About 23% of the examined people had normal teeth, 10% had severe and 67% had mild to moderate fluorosis. Distribution of severe fluorosis was higher in areas with higher levels of fluoride in the water according to GIS map

Conclusions: GIS map clearly showed a positive relationship between the prevalence and severity of fluorosis with the level of fluoride in water in Zarand. The GIS analysis may be useful in the analysis of other oral conditions

Distribution of chronotypes among a sample of Iraqi Kurdish medical students

The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of chronotypes in a sample of Iraqi Kurdish medical students. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hawler Medical University College of Medicine in Erbil City, Iraq, between 1[st] January and 31[st] March 2013. A total of 580 students were given the reduced version of the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire [MEQr], a close-ended self-administered questionnaire. Of the 580 students, 130 [22.4%] were male and 450 [77.6%] were female. The mean age +/- standard deviation was 20.3 +/- 1.45 years, with a range of 17-24 years. Most of the students [52.6%] were in the intermediate class, followed by morning type [24.1%] and evening type [23.3%]. Significant gender differences were detected in the proportion of morning, intermediate and evening types [P <0.001]. The mean scores for the female students were 14.8 +/- 2.2 and the mean scores for the male students were 14.6 +/- 7.3, with no statistically significant differences [P = 0.45]. Students in the College of Medicine were mostly classified as intermediate types. The morning type was more common among this student population, particularly male students, than has been reported in similar age groups in some Western countries. There was a significant gender difference in the proportion of MEQr types

[Incidence of post general anesthesia complications in recovery room]

General anesthesia and surgery cause several physiological disorders in different organs of the respective patients that may appear as several complications during recovery, which need to be identified and evaluated. Survey of the incidence of such complications at Post Anesthesia Care Unit [PACU] 1 and some of the effective risk factors in Rasht Razi Hospital. In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, 155 patients 10-75 years old, in ASA 1 and 2 classes were selected in the hospital. Cases included those who underwent general anesthesia with the same techniques for elective urology surgery and transferred to PACU, in 2010. Questionnaires consisted of two parts, part one included basic information and part two included: respiratory, cardiovascular, neural and digestive complications. Collected data were analyzed using chi-s quare, paired tests by SPSS 16 and P

[Pattern of analgesics prescription by dentists in Iran]

Pain is the major reason for referring patients to dental clinics. Inappropriate use of analgesics can result in noticeable systemic side effects. Prescribing the best drug according to the severity, nature and quality of the pain can result in reduction of anxiety and stress which are aggravated with intensification of pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesics prescription by dentists participating in the 9th Congress of Iranian Association of Endodontists in Esfahan/2006. A questionnaire for this cross-sectional study was designed for evaluating the patterns of analgesic prescription. It included some demographic information and drug selection to control severe, moderate and mild toothache. 113 collected questionnaires entered the study. Chi- square test was used for data analysis. Based on this study, a high percentage of responders selected Ibuprofen, acetaminophen with codeine for pain control in severe, moderate and mild toothache [96%, 81% respectively]. Most responders prescribed ibuprofen [400mg] before endodontic treatment. The results of the present study demonstrated discrepancy in the analgesics selection among participants

[ expression of P53 in leukoplakia, squamous cell carciboma and normal oral epithelium using immunohistochemical staining method]

Leukoplakia is the most common premalignant or potentially malignant lesion of the oral mucosa and its potentiality for malignant transformation is unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to evaluate p53 expression in normal oral epithelium, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The standard Biotin streptavaidin peroxidase immunohistochemical staining method was used to study the expression of p53 on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded blocks of 8 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 20 cases of leukoplakia and 10 cases of normal oral epithelium. There was no significant difference between immunostaining of leukoplakia and normal epithelium groups in the expression of P53, but the distribution patterns of p53 was mainly localized in the basal layer in the group of normal oral mucosa, while it extended into the suprabasal cell layer in leukoplakia group. P53 expression in squamous cell carcinoma group was higher than other groups. Considering the findings the expression of p53 in suprabasal cell layers in leukoplakia might show poor clinical outcome and alterations of p53 might be an important factor in the development of oral cancer

Comparative investigation of marginal adaptation of four root-end filling materials: a scanning electron microscopic study

To date, several materials have been used for root end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of MTA in invitro and invivo studies has been proven. On the other h and, based on some of the studies, Root MTA [Iranian MTA] and Portl and cement are similar to MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this investigation was to assess the marginal adaptation of Gray Pro root MTA, White Pro root MTA, Root MTA and Portl and cement Type I root-end fillings under scanning electron microscope. Eighty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected. After canal preparation and root-end resection, root-end cavities were prepared ultrasonically. They were divided at r and om into four test groups of 20 each. The cavities were filled with Gray and White Pro root MTA, Root MTA and Portl and cement. The root-end surface topographies were reproduced by means of polyvinylsiloxane impressions and epoxy resin replicas. Then scanning electron micrography [SEM] images of each replica were taken. The material-tooth interface on each photograph was divided into 16 equidistant areas and maximum gap size was recorded in each area. The means of 16 numbers of each photographs was calculated. The means of calculated numbers related to each group were counted. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test. Gap sizes at calculated points were smallest in Portl and cement root-end fillings and largest in White Pro root MTA group. Calculated gap sizes for White Pro root MTA, Root MTA and Gray Pro root MTA and Portl and cement group were subsequently 16.3975, 15.4185, 12.8880 and 11.3150 pm. Portl and cement produced a significantly superior marginal adaptation to Root MTA and White Pro root MTA, and the gap size in Gray Pro root MTA group was significantly smaller than White Pro root MTA [P<0.0001]. under this study, the marginal adaptation of both Portl and cement and Root MTA was good. After performing more invitro and invivo studies we hope to use Portl and cement, which is very economic