[Identification of Campylobacter spp. from poultry skin using methods based on bacterial culture and polymerase chain reactions]

Background: food infections caused by Campylobacter are one of the gastrointestinal inflammations in humans is health and economic losses in the community is important

Objectives: to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter contamination in chicken skin samples of Urmia, using bacterial culture and polymerase chain reactions

Methods: 80 samples of chicken skin from the Protein Gostare Sina slaughter house located in the city of Urmia in equal numbers in the winter and spring seasons were collected. The survival of Campylobacter after 24 hours in refrigerated conditions was studied in samples. Positive samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. To investigate the phylogenetic isolates, positive samples PCR were sequenced

Results: 58/75% of chicken skin using bacterial cultures, Campylobacter were positive. The Results study the survival Campylobacter in cold conditions after 24 hours, showed that no significant decrease in the survival Campylobacter as well as contamination levels were significantly higher in spring than in winter, which may be due to the high temperature of environment that created the favorable conditions for Campylobacter

Conclusions: chicken skin is the reservoir of Campylobacter. This issue of public health care and control at all stages of production and supply of poultry products, also the transfer of it to other parts of poultry carcasses should be considered

[Study on antibacterial effects of artemia urmiana cyst shell chitosan on listeria mo-nocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, salmonellatyphimurium and escherichia coli]

Chitosan is a natural antimicrobial which is derived from non-toxic animal resources. This study investigated and compared the antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan which was extracted from shell of Artemia cyst in the lake of Urmia with the same commercial chitosan feature to that of crab shell from A.P.T firm in Vietnam. The experiment was carried by means of two fulded method to find the minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] of commercial chitosan and Artemia chitosans and [4,2,1,0/5,0/25,0/125,0/062 mg/ml] [6/4,3/2,1/6,0/8,0/4,0/2,0/1 mg/ml] on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. MIC of Artemia chitosan for those bacteria and MIC of commercial chitosan were determined 500 ppm and 800 ppm. In the next phase, each of those four bacterias was separately exposed to MIC Artemia chitosan and during 8 h of incubation at 37°C were artificially cultivated every 2 h and colonies appearing on the plates after 24 h of incubation were counted and the death time graph of the bacterias was drown to study their destruction process in the presence of MIC of Artemia chitosan. Experimental achievements showed that in this period of destruction speed in Staphylococcus aureus was more than others and the destruction speed of Salmonella typhimurium was the least. Also studying the achieved pictures by electronic microscope from the from two bacterias, gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gramnegative Escherichia coli which were exposed to MIC of Artemia chitosan [500 ppm] depicted that the speed of influence by Artemia chitosanon gram-positive bacteria is much more than gram-negative bacteria. Results of this study depict great abilities of Artemia chitosan in destroying studied bacteria in comparis on with those of commercial one