Iranian public trust in health services: evidence from Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study investigated public trust in health services in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. A cross-sectional household study was conducted in 2014, using random cluster sampling. A total of 1050 households were enrolled in the study and a valid questionnaire was used to collect data through interviews. The mean score for public trust in health services in Tabriz [out of 100] was 53.91 +/- 13.7. People had most trust in professional expertise and lowest in macro-level policy. Specialists, pharmacy doctors and nurses were the health providers that enjoyed the highest levels of trust. It is concluded that public trust in health services in Tabriz is low and policy-makers need to employ appropriate policies to improve patients' experience of health services

Effects of resistance training combined with green tea treatment on hyperglycemia and lipid profile in diabetic rats

Background: Physical exercise and herbal treatment with antioxidant property induce a favorable effect on glucose metabolism in diabetic patients

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance training combined with green tea extract consumption on blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats

Methods: Forty male Wistar diabetic rats aged 5 months and weights 290 +/- 20 were divided into 4 groups named as: resistance training, resistance training + green tea, green tea and control. The resistance training and resistance training + green tea groups engaged in exercise for 5 weeks with three times per week moving up the ladder with weight hanging their tail. Green tea extract [100 mg/kg] was gavaged once a day for 5 weeks. Forty eight hours after the last training session and green tea gavages, the fasting blood samples was collected for determination of blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglyceride levels

Results: Fasting blood glucose level significantly decreased in all three groups compared with control group, where as triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-C level significantly decrease in resistance training + green tea group compared to control group

Conclusion: Green tea extract and resistance training improve hyperglycemia and in combination improve lipid profile in diabetic rats

effect of aerobic training combined and green tea [camellia sinensis l.] extract consumption on blood glucose and lipid profile in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Type 2 diabetes is a global health problem and a major cause of illness. Exercise, diet and medication are the three pillars in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training combined with green tea hydroalcoholic extract consumption on blood glucose and lipid profile on diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in 40 male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50 ml/kg streptozocin. After two weeks the diabetic rats with fasting blood glucose of 150 to 300 mg/dl were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each and named as: aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise with green tea, green tea, and control. Aerobic exercise was performed as running on Treadmill for 5 days a week daily for 30-90 minutes with Treadmill speed of 18 -24 meters per minute. Green tea extract [100 mg/kg] was gavages once a day for 5 weeks. At baseline and endpoint fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglyceride levels were determined in all groups. Fasting blood glucose level decreased significantly in all groups but triglyceride and cholesterol decreased in aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise + green tea groups at end point compared with baseline and also compared with control group. Fasting blood LDL-c level significantly decreased and HDL-c level significantly increase, in aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise with green tea at end point compared with baseline and also compared with control and green tea group. Aerobic exercise favorably affects glucose and lipid profile and in combination with green tea it has synergistic effects

[Optimization of expression, extraction and purification of the N-terminal region of ipaD gene in Shigella dysenteriae by proteomics analysis]

Shigella dysenteriae is one of the most important pathogens which in spite of many attempts vaccine preparation, extended researches are still in the way, Transport and surface expression of the invasion plasmid antigens [IpaD proteins] have essential role in the pathogenicity of Shigella spp. IpaD has been one of the most important proteins for Shigella vaccine candidate. Studies have shown that N - terminal region of this protein has a key role in the pathogen city and invasion. This study was done to evaluate the optimization of N-terminal region of Ipad in order to increase the production of recombinant protein. In this experimental labortary study, desired region of IpaD cloned in vector pET-28a [+]. For confirming cloning procedure, standard tests were performed. The effect of IPTG concentration, temperature and induction times on the level of protein expression were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, qualitatively. The gels were evaluated with 2-D gel analysis software [Melanie 7]. The recombinant protein was extracted by Urea and eventually purificated with affinity chromatography column. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that approximately the same amount of recombinant protein is expressed at different times, but software analysis proved that the optimized condition for the expression of recombinant protein was in the final concentration of 0.7 mM of IPTG, 37°C and 3 hours induction. According to the results every protein has its own expression after the homogenization process, and the temperature and the cells induction time length are more effective in the amount of protein production

[Inverted metabolic engineering of E.coli to produce PHB and simplifying of lysis process; using gene E from phage PhiX 174]

The polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic genes of Ralstonia eutropha are organized in single operon. There are many studies which show that this operon could be cloned in gram negative bacteria like E.coli. As its original promoter could work efficiently in E.coli, there is no need to change it with host ones. Granule extraction is one of the most important considerations of industrial production of PHB. Solvent base or physical approaches increase the cost of production and compromise the integrity of PHB granules. Therefore, E mediated lysis was used in this study to extract the granules. In this study, the whole operon of PHB from Ralstonia eutropha and E gene from phage phiX174 were obtained by PCR technique, and cloned transferred to E.coli by separate plasmids. To control the lysis process, the chemical inducible system was used. Bacterial cells which have both plasmids could produce high levels of PHB, and their PHB content could be released into the medium, nearly perfectly, at the correct time by adding IPTG as a chemical inducer. This method could be used to produce and extract PHB with more cost effectiveness in industrial scales

Production and evaluation of anti-salmonella typhimuruim immunoglobulin Y isolated from serum and eggs laid

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the production of antibodies in serum as well as egg yolk raised against S. typhimurium and the cross-reactivity of this antibody with other enteric bacteria. White egg-laying hens were immunized with S. typhimurium, heat-killed whole cell, in Freund's adjuvant. Immunization was done with 107 conlony forming unit [CFU] of bacteria per hen which was injected into the breast muscle of lay. Specific antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum and in eggs. The serum and eggs of two adults white Leghorn hens were not immunized with S. typhimurium used as a control. Chicken egg yolk antibodies [IgY] were raised against S. typhimuruim in the serum as well as in eggs. The production of IgY in serum was higher than IgY produced in egg yolk. Anti-S. typhimurium IgY cross-reacted 63%, 25% and 14% with S. typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae and E. coli respectively. The findings indicate that eggs from hens immunized with S. typhimuruim have not specific antibodies for the detection of S. typhimuruim, but they may have the potential of being a useful source of passive immunity against this pathogen

Detection of salmonella typhi based on the ViaB sequence by polymerase chain reaction

Background and Purpose: Typhoid fever, a disease caused by Salmonella typhi, is still one of the most important infectious diseases across the world. Different methods such as biochemical and Elisa methods are used for detection of this bacterium, which produce false responses in addition to being time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, the present research was conducted to detect Salmonella typhi by PCR method which is rapid, inexpensive and specific

Materials and methods: In this descriptive study which was conducted via diagnostic method, polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay was developed for detection of Salmonella typhi. This strain had formerly been confirmed by biochemical methods. For detection by PCR, one primer pair was designed, being specific to ViaB gene. The PCR product was digested by restricted enzyme. For specificity of assay, 6 different strains were used as control negative and for sensitivity of PCR reaction, serial dilution of bacteria was used

Results: The PCR product of Salmonella typhi was 530 bp which were then confirmed by digestion enzymes. In testing the specificity of the assay, Salmonella typhimorium, Shigella flexneri, E. coli, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were used as negative control, and did not yield a PCR product. The sensitivity of this method was estimated to be about 50 CFU/ml

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that detection of ViaB gene with PCR method can be used for diagnossis of Salmonella typhi in clinical samples as a rapid, inexpensive, specific and highly sensitive method