study of anion density in influent water to dialysis machines and its comparison with association for the advancement of medical instrumentation and european pharmacopeia standards in qom hospitals

This is a descriptive-analytic study which was carried out on 45 samples of influent water to dialysis machines in hospitals of Qom.Then results comparised with related standards.The results showed that means of anions in this study were below AAMI and EPH standards. It should also be mentioned that in few samples, these amounts were above the standard levels. Then it should be analysed influent water to dialysis machine continually

[ process of coagulation, flocculation and advanced oxidation in effluent treatment of second refinery oil industries]

One of the industries dependent on oil compounds that play an important role in economy, preserve resources and oil reserves, as well as environmental protection is the secondary refinery Oil industries. The efficiency of Coagulation, flocculation and advanced oxidation process in the Effluent treatment industry was studied. This study is a descriptive- quasi-experimental that effluent pollution quality measured with COD. Physicochemical processes of coagulation, flocculation, by using conventional coagulants and oxidation with ozone for the removal to access environmental discharge effluent standards were studied. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, sodium silicate, poly aluminum chloride were evaluated. Jartest was used to determine the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation. Samples were collected from Salafchegan industrial district in Qom. Examination methods were extracted from Standard methods for water and wastewater examination. Initial experiments showed that BOD, indicating biological treatment wastewater, in comparison with COD, indicating chemical oxygen demand of wastewater is very low. Thus, the application of biological processes of effluent treatment without using chemical processes, not performance and not economic. The experiment showed that the amount of COD in raw effluent was varied from 38000 to 78000mg/l. Using advanced oxidation with O[3] in pH=11.5 can reach 77.5% and in pH=9 in 57.2 and in pH=3.25 in 21.3 COD removal efficiency respectively. According to the results, advanced oxidation process prior to biological effluent treatment of the second refinery oil industries is effective in eliminating pollutants and toxic substances

[Chemical quality of water entrance to dialysis machines and its comparison with AAMI and EPH standards in hospitals of Qom province, Qom, Iran]

The presence of certain chemical compounds in dialysis water which enter patients' bodies through haemodialysis can cause various problems such as acute poisoning, brain damage, osteoarthritis, Therefore, applying the standards for dialysis water is indispensible. This study was carried out to determine the chemical quality of water entrance to dialysis machines and its comparison with AAMI and EPH standards in the hospitals of Qom province. This is a descriptive-cross sectional study which was carried out on 45 samples of water entrance to dialysis machines in hospitals of Qom province. Since there were 3 hospitals in Qom having dialysis units, out of each one 15 samples were chosen as the samples of this study. The following machines were used for analysis of samples in the research: Atomic Absorption, DR4000 and Flame photometer. The gathered data were then analyzed by independent t-test [p<0.5]. The means of all measured compounds were statistically lower than standard levels and had a significant difference with standard levels. The elements and compounds such as Lead, Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate, Nitrate, and Chloride in all the measured samples were below the standard levels, but elements such as Aluminum, Cadmium, and Fluoride were above the standard levels in 13, 6 and 9 percent of samples, respectively. The results of the study showed that in all cases the means of all the studied compounds were below the standard levels, indicating high quality dialysis water in the hospitals. However, the presence of high level of elements such as Aluminum, Cadmium, and Fluoride compared with the standard levels signifies that much should be done in examining dialysis water

[Air pollution quality index [AQI] and density of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 in the air of Qom]

Air pollution has broad social, economical, political and technical aspects. one of the major issues in this regard is taking measures to prevent its increase. Since suspended particles are among the standard pollutants, the present study was carried out with the aim of measuring the amounts of these particles. In the present study, the suspended particles [PM1, PM2.5 and PM10] were measured at two sites in Qom city. For each of them, 60 samples were selected with the Enviro Check during five consecutive months during summer [2 months] and fall. During sampling, PM10 in the period between October 22'th to November 22[nd] 2007 had the maximum amount with the mean of 117microg/m[3] and in the period between September 22'th to October 22[nd] 2007 it had the minimum amount with the mean of 83microg/m[3]. PM2.5 in the period between November 22[nd] to December 22[nd] 2007 with the mean of 33microg/m[3] had the maximum amount and in the period between July 22[nd] to October 22[nd] 2007 it had the minimum amount with the mean of 8microg/m[3]. Based on the findings of this study, the densities of suspended particles PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were below the standard levels on most occasions. The amounts of AQI for them were normal and acceptable

relationship between women's satisfaction with prenatal care services and characteristics of the women and the provision of services

Women's satisfaction from prenatal care, can lead to increase using the services and ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between women's satisfaction with prenatal care services and demographic characteristics of the pregnant women. This study used a descriptive correlational design. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The satisfaction dimensions were the accessibility, coordination, communication of the personnel, availability, and the received information regarding prenatal care, quality, and the cost of the services. The study subjects consisted of 530 Iranian women living in the west of Tehran, who gave birth and attended to the health clinics, at 6 week postnatal period. Most of the women [69.8%] had good level of satisfaction with provided prenatal care and 21.9% were satisfied at the level of excellence. The women were more satisfied with accessibility, received information, communication, quality of services. There was a statistically significant positive association between education levels, economical status, and health situation during pregnancy and women's satisfaction with prenatal care services [P < 0.05]. Women with high education levels, good economical status and optimum health situation during pregnancy were more satisfied. There were statistically significant association between the waiting time for prenatal care visits and the number of prenatal visits and women's satisfaction with prenatal care services [P < 0.05]. Women's satisfaction with the services were increased with the frequency of prenatal care visits, but their satisfaction were decreased as the waiting time was prolonged. According to the study findings, the majority of the subjects [90.7%] were satisfied with the received prenatal care. Therefore they could use health services continously and appropriately; so encouraging the other women to use the services frequently would be necessary

[ physical, chemical and microbial quality of treated water in Qom's desalination plants]

Water is the basis of life and health. The health of food and water supply plays an important role in human health. One of the methods of water desalination is membrane filter reverse osmosis method. This method is used for desalination of drinking water supply in Qom. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study designed to determine the quality of treated water in Qom desalination plant in year 2002. Inlet and outlet water samples of this plant were examined by the standard examination methods and the collected data were compared with national and international standards. Excel software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that the residual chlorine concentration, total hardness and fluoride concentration were lower than the minimum standard limit set for drinking water. The pH was also lower than the minimum standard limit. Microbial contamination was detected in 6% of samples. The results show that the acidity of water was lower than standard in whole plant. This gives corrosive properties to the water and increases the dissolution of materials, which are in contact with this water. In order to eliminate the secondary contamination, the concentration of residual chlorine should be 1 mg/l. But, none of the measurements showed a concentration as high as this value. As fluoride is an important element for health and growth of bone and teeth, especially in growing children, fluoride should be added to the drinking water. As the relationship between hardness of water and cardiovascular diseases has been established, it can be concluded that this drinking water supply can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in long time. Dilution of this water is recommended to adjust various factors to the standard limits and keep the total dissolved solids low