Antimicrobial activity of Zatacin against bacterial diarrheal pathogens

Background: calf diarrhea is an important disease that is caused by different pathogens including bacteria, virus and parasites and is associated with economic losses

Objectives: in this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activities of Zatacin [Z. multiflora aerial part ethanol extract], colistin, co-Trimoxazole and enrofloxacin against clinical isolates of Salmonella sp, E. coli and Campylobacter sp isolated from diarrheic calves

Methods: disc diffusion method and microbroth dilution assay were used for antimicrobial evaluation

Results: in disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of Zatacin increased dose dependently. The sensitivity of different isolates of E. coli, Salmonella sp and Campylobacter sp to Zatacin was almost the same. The antibacterial activity of Zatacin was lower than that of enrofloxacin but it was higher than co-Trimoxazole and colistin. The means of MIC values of Zatacin for E.coli were higher than that of Campylobacter sp and Salmonella sp but its means of MBC values for E. coli were lower than that of two other bacteria

Conclusions: Zatacin can be used as an antimicrobial agent in treatment of infectious causes of calf scours instead of antibiotics with undesired adverse effects on animal and humans

[ effect of lecithin consumption during pregnancy and lactation in rats on anxiety and locomotor activity of one month male and female offspring]

Considering the role of cholinergic system in anxiety behaviors and the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation in the neural system activity of offspring the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of lecithin during pregnancy and lactation on anxiety behaviors and locomotor activity of male and female rat offspring. Female rats [average weight 168g] were gavaged during pregnancy and lactation [until day 21] with different amounts of lecithin or with vehicle as follows control 1 [no medication] control 2 [vehicle receivers] and two experimental groups receiving 120 and 240 mg/kg lecithin daily. After gender segregation at 30 days of birth, offspring anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test. The number of rats in each group was 6 for both sexes. No significant differences were observed in the anxiety indexes and locomotor activity of offsprings in every genus, compared to the vehicle group. Males receiving lecithin 120 and 240 mg/kg, showed a significant increases in percentage of time spent in the open arm in compared to females [P<0.05 and P<0.01]. Significant difference was observed in locomotor activity between males and females receiving lecithin 240mg /kg [P<0.001]. Although lecithin consumption during pregnancy and laction does not affect the locomotor activity and anxiety behavior of offspring gender can cause varing effects in these animals

Performance of a land treatment system and vetiver plant for advanced treatment of ahvazwest Municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent

Background: During the last decades efforts related to waste water treatment, has improved significantly in Different places of our country with various climate conditions. To reach this aim using systems are considered that have appropriate applications technically and economically . One of the low cost and native options is using Land-plant system for advanced waste water treatment. The aim of this study was determination of efficiency of local soil of Ahvaz and vetiver plant tothe final reduce the organic load from Municipal wastewater treatment

Materials and Methods: In order to, a pilot including three Lysimeter swere installed in Ahvaz West wastewater treatment plant. ThreeLysimeter were utilized that local soil was used in one of them, local soil with vetiver plant were used in the other one and soil artificial arrangement local soil, silica sand [0.5-1mm], sand [15-30mm] was used in third Lysimeter. The effluent was transferred from Secondary settling outlet by pump for system that slow current in three filtration rate of 0.2, 0.6, 1 ml/min and three replication in each rate was used

Results: The average removal efficiency of BOD5 and COD output from three Lysimeter local soil with vetiver plant, local soil without vetiver plant and soil artificial arrangement for filtration rate of 0.2 ml/min were;73.27%, 68.39%,58.91%, 50.34%, 37.62% and 35.9%.For filtration rate of 0.6 ml/min were;49.47%,41.97%, 43.16, 28.31%, 33/68% and 25/55%.For filtration rate of 0.6ml/min; 26.44%,31.44%, 19.95,17.81%, 12.06% and 14.79%, respectively

Conclusion: The results from this study showed that the best removing percent was assigned to local soil with vetiver plant lysimeter in 0.2 ml/min current. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that a land- plant system as advanced treatment had the ability to meet effluent discharge permit limits and was an economical replacement for stabilization ponds and mechanical treatment options

[Clinical evaluation of the effect of myrtle oil on the oral lesions of FMD in cattle]

Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven - hoofed animals and has severe economic consequences. FMD causes painful sores and blisters on the feet, mouth and teats of animals. Clinical evaluation of Myrtle oil [Myrtus communis L.] caused by foot and mouth disease [FMD] in cattle. 76 cows and claves between one and five years of age and weight between 80 to 600 kg with clinical sing of FMD were randomly in two groups, receiving myrtle oil and control group. The data recorded during the three stages of clinical examination before treatment, second day and fourth day after treatment was performed. Results indicated that recovery of mouth lesion with myrtle oil was remarkable as compared with control group. This difference was very statistically significant in two stages after treatment [p<0/001]. Cases of oral lesions improved in the group treated with the oil in the second and fourth days, respectively, 80.9 and 93.6 percent and the rate control group were 20.6 and 58.6 percent, respectively. The result also indicated that amount of purulent-free secretion in myrtle oil group was 68.1 and 89.4 percent in the 2[nd] and fourth day respectively. The number was 48.3 and 62.1 percent for control group. The medication of myrtle oil on the wounds of FMD, causes mouth ulcers faster improvement and reduce discharge purulent

[Incidence of intradialytic complications and their risk factors in patients undergoing hemodialysis in hospitals affiliated to medical university of Hamadan Iran]

Hemodialysis is one the most common renal replacement therapies in end stage renal disease. Despite progress in dialysis technology, intradialytic complications occur frequently. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of intradialytic complications and their risk factors in patients undergoing hemodialysis in hospitals affiliated to Medical University of Hamedan Iran in 2009. 192 patients undergoing hemodialysis participated in this descriptive correlational study. These patients were included in the study using census method. Data were collected by1- a questionnaire which consisted of 3 sections [demographic information, person - related factors and therapy- related factors], 2-a check list and clinical examination [blood pressure and weight measurement]. Content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by 10 nursing experts, 5 staff of hemodialysis wards and 2 nephrologists. Reliability of check list was measured using inter-rater reliability [r=0.98]. Data were collected by the second author. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15. Findings showed that the most frequent complications include: hypotension [%15.1], muscle cramp[%11.5], nausea[%9.4], headache[%7.8], angina[%2.6], vomiting [%2.1] and itching[%1.6] respectively. Logistic regression analysis, showed a significant correlation between age and cramp [person - related causes] and a significant correlation between hypotension, cramp with vomiting and headache. Moreover, findings showed a significant correlation between nausea with eating during dialysis [patient- related causes]; and between hypotension with dialysis solution [therapy- related causes]. Based on the results of this study, most of intradialytic complications can be prevented. Use of these findings can improve the process of dialysis

Association between gastric helicobacter pylori infection and periodontal disease

Colonization of Helicobacter pylori [Hp] in the oral cavity may increase in the presence of the periodontal disease. It has been suggested that one of the possible mechanisms of reinfection is the recolonization from dental plaque. The purpose of this study was to determine whether periodontal disease was associated with Hp infection. Sixty-five consecutive patients [34 males and 31 females] undergoing endoscopy for investigation of dyspepsia were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The mean age of the patients was 41.3 +/- 13.5 years. Periodontal examination and Rapid Urease Test [RUT] were done for all of the participants. Statistical analysis was done, using Chi-square test. 53.8% of the patients had periodontal disease and 61.5% of them had gastric Hp infection. There was no statistically significant association between periodontal disease and gastric Hp infection [p=0.455]. This study revealed that the presence of periodontal disease in patients with gastric Hp infection could be and independent status

[Evaluation of the morphology and anatomy of mandibular canal in panoramic radiography of patients over 25 years-old [Kerman-2008]]

Neurovascular bundle mandibular canal is one of the most important landmarks in mandible. It is necessary to know complete understanding of its topography and variations. The aim of this study was to assessment of anatomy of mandibular canal in panoramic view. In this Cross-Sectional study 394 panoramic view of patients with age 25-53 years old were selected. A data sheet containing age, sex, length and width of mandibular canal and distance of it from mandibular border line was completed. T test and Pearson and SPSS 15 soft-ware used to analyze the data. The mean age was 34.59 +/- 6.79 years. The length and the width of mandibular canal were 77.4 +/- 3.8 mm respectively. The distance between mandibular canal and borderline of mandible was 13.9 mm. there was significant differences between mental foramen to borderline of mandible. There was also significant correlation between age and sex and width of mandibular except second molar furcation area. According to these finding all dentists consider their patients' panoramic view much more carefully to avoid unwanted neurovascular bundle injuries

[Survey of blood selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in grazing ewes]

This study was conducted to determining the GPX, Hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and hematocrite percentage [Hct] in blood samples of young ewes were gathered at different places of Zagheh Salman pastures in Qom province. 15 blood samples were gathered through 8 flocks during autumn, winter and spring seasons randomly. At first the measures of GPX, Hb and Hct were determined and then GPX concentration in the basis of unit per gram of hemoglobin and unit per milliliter of hematocrite were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that the ratios of GPX to hemoglobin concentration [GPX/Hb] and hematocrite percentage [GPX/Hct] were higher than their marginal levels significantly.There were significant differences between three seasons for hematocrite percentage and the ratios of GPX to hemoglobin [GPX/Hb] and hematocrite [GPX/Hct].The mean of hematocrite percentage had a maximum level in spring and minimum in winter. The ratios of GPX to hemoglobin and hematocrite had a maximum level in autumn and minimum in spring. The results of this research indicate that, despite of differences between flock and seasons all of flock had higher amounts of mentioned blood factors than their marginal levels and they had no deficiency aspects for these blood factors

[Microleakage in class V amalgam restorations lined with and without varnish and dentin bonding agents using different amalgams: An in vitro study]

Microleakage is an important problem for amalgam restorations and causes teeth discoloration, pulp irritation, sensitivity and caries. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the in vitro microleakage of 3 different dental amalgams with commercial names [Cinalux, Dentam, SS White] using a dentin bonding agent [Excite] and a cavity varnish [Compalite], in class V amalgam restorations. Class V preparation measuring 3x2x2 mm were cut on the facial surfaces of 78 freshly extracted human premolar teeth. The teeth were divided into 3 groups of 20 teeth and 2 groups of 9 teeth as positive and negative control. They were restored using the material of choice following manufacture's instructions, and thermocycled between 4+2 C° and 54 +/- 4 C° for 700 cycles in 105 seconds. The teeth were subsequently immersed in methylene blue dye and sectioned to allow assessment of microleakage with stereomicroscope. The obtained data were analyzed by Kruskal-wallis and Mann-whitney U tests. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed significant differences between 3 different amalgams when the cavities lined by Excite [P<0.05]. There was no significant differences between 3 different amalgams when the cavities lined by varnish. These results suggested dentin bonding agents reduced microleakage in comparison to varnish, and the type of amalgam is effective on microleakage

[ role of information and communication technology on health knowledge of high school students]

Emergence of information technology [IT] has influenced human life deeply. Presumably the strongest and deepest influence has been on education field so that anyone could get access to required data any time, at any place. Development of IT is so remarkable that its influence on health education could not be neglected. Thus, a great number of countries have implemented basic website set-up for health information purposes. This study paves the way for future research on both e-health and e-education in the society and their effects on the overall health knowledge of the high school students. The present study was performed on the basis of information obtained from questionnaires on personal, mental, nutritional, maternal and marital issues and family planning, common infections, AIDS and environmental health information of 649 students in 3 high schools. Information was collected in two steps [pre and post tests]. T-test and Leven's tests were used in the statistical analysis of the data. The results of t-test showed that training the students through health information website increased their health knowledge in the above-mentioned fields with a minimum of 14.5% for environmental health and a maximum of 48.9% for nutritional health which showed a significant difference in all fields [P=0.000]. Efficacy of the model in the improvement of knowledge was statistically significant in all health fields. Implementation of IT is a predictable and flexible procedure. Moreover, it enhances accessibility and provides active question-response methods

[Effects of leaf and plant extract of Artemisia annua on coccidiosis in broiler chicken]

To study anticoccidial effects of leaf and plant extract of Artemisia annua on coccidiosis in broiler chicken compare to salinomycin and amprolium. Experimental study. One hundred and ninety two Hubbard roosters. One hundred and ninety two 21 days old roosters were categorized into 6 drug groups as follows: Amprolum [120ppm, n=8], salinomycin [60 ppm, n=8] leaf powder [2.5%, n=8], ether petroleum extract [1950ppm, n=8], fraction with maximum artemisinin [142ppm, n=8] and control [n=8]. Drug classes include 1- Amprolum [120 ppm], 3- leaves 2.5%, 4-either petroleum extract [1950 ppm, n=8], 5-fraction with maximum of artemisinin [142 ppm, n=8]. In each class there was 4 different subclasses: Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, eimeria accervolina and uninfected ones. After infection, lesion scores, body weight gains and oocyst extractions were investigated at the first week. Analysis was done with MSTATC software. Significant difference among means were determined by Duncan's multiple range tests. In all experimental groups drugs significantly reduced the number of oocysts per chicken fece per day. Moreover, treated groups showed similar weight gain which was significantly higher than the untreated ones [P<0.05]. The data of body weight gain, lesion scores and oocyst extraction indicated that either petroleum extract of Artemisia annua or fraction with maximum artemisinin were the most effective. Of course, the extract is cost benefit compare to fraction

survey of the educational needs on hygenic problems of puberty in girls

In this descriptive study, 250 students aged 12-14 were studied by random sampling. Data were gathered by interview and questionnaire. The results indicated that the subjects possessed a poor knowledge on puberty health [mean of 3.61 from 10]. The most important sources of acquiring relevant information were: the subjects, mothers [68.4], friends [11.2], health instructors [12%], books and journals [4.4%] and others [4%]. There was a relationship between the students, age and knowledge [p=0.0001]. 41.2% of the students enjoyed a poor knowledge on menstruation. The age average of the girls for menarche was 12.5. The finding suggests instructing mothers in the first place to convery useful and proper information to their offspring. Also instructors can have a forceful role in conveying the related information. Incorporating the information into the students' textbooks before puberty can also yeild useful results

Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of 4 medicinal plants against salmonella typhymurium and comparision them with common antibiotics in veterinary medicine

Thyme [Zataria multiflora Bois.] Penny voyel [Mentha pulegium L.] Origanum [Origanum vulgare L.] and Fennel [Foeniculum vulgare Miller] are the Iranian traditional spice which are widely used in the country. Following the recent efforts to look for healthy remedies with antimicrobial potential, the effects of essential oils of these medicinal plants were investigated on Salmonella typhimurum. Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils from plants were evaluated on Salmonella typhimurum and compared with five antibiotics enrofloxacin, chloramphenicle, erythromycin, oxytetracyclin and flumequin. The essential oils of the leavs and stems are obtained from each plants by hydrodistillation and clevenger and analyzed by GC/MS. The results of this study show that Thyme oil, compared to flumequin, oxytetracyclin and erythromycin is more effective [P<0.5]. Essential oil of Penny voyel is more effective than oxytetracyclin and erythromycin. Among essential oil of plants, Thymol oil with minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] 156.5 micro g/ml and minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC] 312.5 micro g/ml had the best result against Salmonella typhimurum. Chemicial compounds: Thymol, Carvacrol and alpha -terpinen were found in Z. multiflora, M. pulegium, O. vulgar and F. vulgare by GC analyse. Considering the significant antibacterial effect of essential oil of Z. multiflora on effect on Salmonella typhimurum in invitro, it is recommened that, the therapeutic effect of this essential oil be studied in invivo

[ case report of poisoning with common mallow [malva neglecta wallr] in a milking cow]

Case report of poisoning with Malva neglectain milking cow.Case- Report.Milking cow.Observation of clinical sings for diagnosis ofhypocalcemia and improve diagnosiswith reply totreatment procedure.Feeding a large amount ofcommon mallowcaused poisoning and hypocalcemia in cow and thetreatmentbyintravenousinfusionofcalciumborogluconate.Feeding milking cow with a largeamount Common mallow should be avoided.?Treatmentby interavenous infusion of calcium brogluconat can beindicated

Performance of medicinal plants in the field of anticoccidial drugs

Coccidiosis is an infection of the intestinal tract caused by protozoan coccidial parasites of the genus Eimeria. A wide rang of vertebrates, can be infected and it is especially prevalent when animals or birds are grouped together in significant numbers. The development of the broiler industry in the 1940s required the urgent availability of Anticoccidial compounds. Intensive screening activities by several companies soon produced a range of medicines that were effective in the control of coccidia. Increasing resistance of coccidia to anticoccidial drugs currently used by the poultry industry has stimulated the search for new method of control. As part of this effort have investigated medicinal plants as a potential source of compounds with anticoccidial activity. This paper reviews about 35 types of anticoccidial medicinal plant and herbal drugs from 1940 until now. These studies indicate that a Larg number of herbal preparations with anticoccidiol proprieties and futher more with stimulation of the imniune system or production of mucus fajer in intestines are very effective in control of coccidiosis

role of parental expressed emotion in relapse of sehizophrenia

Eighty-seven schizophrenic patients were initially assessed on admission to the hospital, when their parents completed a Camberwell Family Interview, generating "Expressed Emotion" [EE] scores. After nine months, the relapse-rate for the high EE score group [74%] was significantly higher than that of the low EE score group [22%]. The result seems to confirm the relevance of EE score as a predictor for relapse-rate [p<0.05]. In our study, we compare the EE components in parents of schizophrenic patients to that of other countries