[ antibacterial effect of camellia sinensis extract on bacterias, conjunctivitis in vitro]

Conjunctivitis is one of the most prevalent ophthalmic diseases. The most feasible treatment of that is using antibiotics. According to arising bacterial resistance to usual antibiotics and their side effects, and using of tea as a healing for ophthalmic diseases base on the traditional beliefs, this study was done to evaluate the antibacterial effect of tea on conjunctivitis diseases. In this experimental study, patients suffering from conjunctivitis were sampled from the ophthalmology clinic in Shahrekord, Iran. Samples were transferred to the microbiology lab and were subjected to differential culture media and diagnostic tests. Ten samples from each group [totally 30] were isolated from each of the three bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pneumonia. These strains were separately tested using the pour plate technique with different dilutions of black tea extract. In addition, antibiograms were performed using standard antibiotic disks including vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Oxacillin, Cefazolin and Ciprofloxacin. Data were analyzed using Chi square, t test and ANOVA. Findings of this study showed that tea extract had a dose dependant inhibatory effects on bacterial growth [P<0.05]. This antibacterial effect exists in densities of 50. This effect had a rise in shifting from 50 to 100 mg/ml [P<0.05]. According to this study's findings and comparison with similar previous studies, we might suggest tea extract as an antibacterial drug in conjunctivitis

[ prevalence and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC] strains isolated from less than 5 years old children with diarrhea hospitalized in Shahrekord Hajar hospital -2007]

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC] strains are among the most important diarrheagenic agents in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the common serotypes and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of EPEC strains isolated from less than 5 years old children with diarrhea hospitalized in Shahrekord-Hajar hospital in first six months of 2007. A total of 50 rectal swabs were collected from less than 5 years old children with diarrhea. In addition, 50 rectal swabs were obtained from outpatient children without history of diarrhea and gastroenteritis as control group. Stool samples were cultured on differential media EMB and Mac Conkey agar and incubated overnight in 35°C. Standard biochemical tests [IMVIC] were used for identification of bacteria. Confirmation of isolated bacteria as EPEC strains was performed with specific antisera [Bahar Afshan-Tehran] using slide agglutination method. Besides, antibacterial susceptibility pattern of 13 EPEC isolates against some common antibiotics: cephalotin, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazol- trimethoprim, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacine and nitrofurantoin was evaluated using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using t-test, chi-square and logistic regression. EPEC strains were isolated from 26% of the children with diarrhea [13 patients] compared with 4% of children without diarrhea [2 cases]. Our data showed that fifty percent of the EPEC isolates were belonged to O44, O125, O126 and 0128 serogroups. In addition, 33.3% of the EPEC isolates were belonged to O20, O114 serogroups and finally, 16.6% were belonged to O26, O55 and O111 serogroups, Nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics against EPEC bacteria. The prevalence of EPEC demonstrates the important role of these strains in causing of acute diarrhea in children. Therefore, we suggest the application of routine diagnostic tests for identification and serogrouping of EPEC strains in bacteriologic laboratories

[Effect of medicinal smokes on some nosocomial infection factors]

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a main problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, searching for alternative drug is essential in Iran and particularly Chaharmahal va bakhtiari province. People use medicinal smokes such as donkey dung and Peganum harmala seed smokes for treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial property of donkey dung and Peganum harmala seed smokes on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. In this interventional and laboratory study, groups of Peganum harmala seed smoke and donkey dung were considered as case groups and antibiotic disks as positive control group. Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in suitable medium [Blood Agar, EMB and Mueller-Hinton agar]. Antibiogram blank disks were fumigated separately with Peganum harmala seed and female donkey dung smoke then placed on microbial plate with sterile methods. Following 48 hours incubation at 37°C, the zone of growth inhibition evaluated by measuring the zone around the disks. Fumigation process was done in special chest that designed for this research. We repeated fumigation each 20 minutes for 24 times. Data about measuring the zone of growth inhibition were analyzed by using and mean statistic exam. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Peganum harmala seed, and fdonkey dung smokes and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was sensitive to female donkey dung smoke. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to cloxacilllin and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was sensitive only to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The increasing time of fumigation in sensitive cases enhanced antimicrobial effects and the zone of growth inhibition. Antimicrobial effects of donkey dung smokes on resistance pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus revealed the necessity of performing expanded research about composition and property of this smoke

[Prevalence of constitutive and inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococci isolates from Hajar and Kashani hospitals in Shahrekord, 2008]

Resistance to clindamycin [CL] in Staphylococcus aureus is both constitutive and inducible. In the present study, the prevalence of the constitutive and inducible resistance to CL was investigated by disk diffusion and double-disk diffusion [D-test] methods. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 230 Staphylococcus isolates. D-test was carried out for all the isolates with resistant phenotype for erythromycin and susceptible phenotype for CL. 15 micro g erythromycin and 2 micro g CL disks were placed on plate at a distance of 15 mm. The appearance of D-shaped zones around the strains was checked after proper incubation. Of the 230 staphylococcus isolates, 55.6% were susceptible to CL, 37.5% had constitutive and 5.2% had inducible resistance to CL. The frequencies of constitutive and inducible resistance for CL in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] isolates were 66% and 9%, respectively and the frequencies of constitutive and inducible resistance for CL in methicillin-susceptible isolates [MSSA] were 15.4% and 2.3%, respectively. Statistical tests revealed the inducible resistance in MRS isolates to be 4.2 times more frequent than that in MSS isolates. The inducible resistance frequency was 10.8- fold in MRSA compared to MSSA isolates. The study results showed that the inducible resistance should be determined by D-test in all methicillin-resistant staphylococcus isolates and also staphylococcus strains resistant to erythromycin and susceptible to CL

[Comparison of agar screen and duplex-PCR in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007]

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus strains are the most important agents of nosocomial infections. The conventional antibiotic susceptibility methods such as disk diffusion are not suitable for detection of these strains due to their heteroresistancy. Therefore, in this study, agar screen and duplex-PCR were compared in determination of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] strains isolated from nose of personnel in Hajar hospital of Shahre-kord, 2007. In this experimental study a total of 204 nasal swabs from personnel of Hajar hospital over a period of 6 months were collected. The specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar for primary isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus strains and their susceptibility pattern to oxacillin was assessed using agar screen method. Finally, using duplex PCR, the isolates were tested for the presence of mecA gene. Results were compared and sensitivity and specificity of the method was determined. In this study, 23 of the 52 [44%] Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin using agar screen method. However, mecA gene was detected in 27 of the 52 strains [52%]. Our results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of agar screen method in determination of MRSA strains were 81.5% and 96%, respectively comparing with PCR. Oxacillin agar screen, comparing PCR, is an inexpensive, applied and phenotypical method with low false positive and suitable for screening of MRSA. However, due to its relatively high false negative results is not appropriate for screening of MRSA strains isolated from hospital-employed nasal carriers