RESUMO
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) affect the portion of the urinary tract including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and are among the commonly acquired nosocomial infections. Diagnosis based on the culture and sensitivity profile of the organism is highly beneficial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy of the individual.Methods: A retrospective study of culture isolates obtained from urine samples from different departments of a tertiary care hospital was performed in the period January 2018 to March 2020 in the district of Sangareddy, Telangana, India.Results: A total 204 samples of 1886 exhibited significant growth of organisms i.e., ≥105 colony-forming units of bacteria per millilitre (CFU mL-1). The most common pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli (47.05%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.68%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.78%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.78%), Enterobacter spp. (7.84%) and, Candida albicans (7.84%). The presence of Gram-negative organisms was found to be more than Gram-positive organisms among the samples cultured. Resistance was found to be more towards Amoxicillin (57.14%), followed by oxacillin (34%), cefotaxime (23.62%), clarithromycin (12.08%), erythromycin (12.08%), azithromycin (9.34%), linezolid (3.84%) and vancomycin (2.19%).Conclusions: Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance by uropathogens emphasize the importance of therapy based on the culture and sensitivity of the organisms. Many uropathogens exhibit multi-drugs resistance. Regular surveillance and monitoring are useful in controlling the increasing resistance.
RESUMO
Background: Hypertension is the leading non-communicable disease risk attributing to cardio vascular morbidity and mortality. Various reasons are socio-economic, behavioural, sedentary life style, nutritional, age, obesity and poor health maintenance. A wide range of antihypertensive drugs belonging to different pharmacological classes are available alone or in combinations. Present study was done to evaluate the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive drugs at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective, observational, non-interventional, hospital-based study was carried out in hypertensive patients attending outpatient department of General Medicine at Medical College Hospital attached to Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari. Data was collected from outpatient slip of patients in a predesigned case record form, which was analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Among 200 patients analysed 95 (47.5%) were males and 105 (52.5%) were females, with maximum number of patients falling in the age group 61-70years. Among antihypertensives prescribed, amlodipine (78.5%) was most frequently prescribed drug. Frequently used drugs for monotherapy - amlodipine (37.5%), for two drug therapy - amlodipine + atenolol (25.5%), and for three drug therapy - amlodipine + atenolol + telmisartan (2.5%). WHO prescribing indicators: Average number of drugs per encounter is 2.38 (±1.19). Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name is 76.47%. Percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list is 97.89%.Conclusions: Present study shows current trends in prescription of antihypertensives in tertiary care hospital and their rational use. Study emphasizes need for preventive and educative measures about hypertension in population.