Use of phytase and citric acid supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on canola meal based diet

Abstract Fishmeal; being a limited and costly feed ingredient is continuously been substituted with locally available plant proteins. However, the occurrence of anti-nutritional factors in plant meal suppresses its potential to be fully replaced. Therefore, in this study we aimed to study the synergistic effects of dietary additives like citric acid and phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Canola meal (CM) was used as a test ingredient to replace fishmeal (FM) as; 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. These four diets were further supplemented by varying levels of phytase (0 and 750 FTU kg-1) and citric acid (0% and 2.5%) to formulate total sixteen test diets as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 and T16. Each treatment contained three replicates; applied to fish groups having 15 fingerlings each; following 3×3 factorial arrangement. 1% of chromic oxide was added as an inert marker. Maximum weight gain% (288%) and the lowest value of FCR (1.07) were recorded when fish was fed on diet T12 as compared to fish fed control diet (T1). Similarly, optimum nutrient digestibility values such as crude protein (77%), crude fat (84%) and gross energy (70%) were noted on same level. It was concluded that 50% canola meal can optimally replace fishmeal when supplemented with phytase and citric acid at the levels of 750 FTU kg-1 and 2.5%, respectively.

Resumo A farinha de peixe, por ser um ingrediente alimentar limitado e caro, é continuamente substituída por proteínas vegetais disponíveis localmente. No entanto, a ocorrência de fatores antinutricionais na farinha de plantas suprime seu potencial de ser totalmente substituída. Portanto, neste estudo objetivamos estudar os efeitos sinérgicos de aditivos dietéticos como ácido cítrico e suplementação com enzima fitase sobre o desempenho de crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala. A farinha de canola (CM) foi usada como ingrediente de teste para substituir a farinha de peixe (FM) como: 0%, 25%, 50% e 75%. Essas quatro dietas foram suplementadas por níveis variados de fitase (0 e 750 FTU kg-1) e ácido cítrico (0% e 2,5%) para formular um total de 16 dietas de teste como T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 e T16. Cada tratamento continha três repetições; aplicado a grupos de peixes com 15 alevinos cada; seguindo o arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. 1% de óxido crômico foi adicionado como um marcador inerte. % de ganho de peso máximo (288%) e o valor mais baixo de FCR (1,07) foram registrados quando os peixes foram alimentados com dieta T12 em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle (T1). Da mesma forma, valores ótimos de digestibilidade de nutrientes, como proteína bruta (77%), gordura bruta (84%) e energia bruta (70%) foram anotados no mesmo nível. Concluiu-se que 50% da farinha de canola pode substituir de forma ideal a farinha de peixe quando suplementada com fitase e ácido cítrico nos níveis de 750 FTU kg-1 e 2,5%, respectivamente.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p 0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p 0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Partial replacement of fish meal with Moringa oleifera leaf meal in practical diets of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings

Abstract Fish protein is serving as a source of nutrition for protein starving world. However, sustainable aquaculture products require inexpensive plant by-products due to finite sources of fish meal. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine nutrient utilization, growth performance and hematological indices of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) based diets. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets having MOLM as a substitute of fish meal (FM) at the levels of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for the period of 90 days. Fingerlings having initial weight 6.35±0.04g were reared in triplicate tanks at the stocking density of 15 and hand fed at the rate of 5% of total biomass twice regularly. Chromic oxide inclusion level was 1% in diets. After analysis, maximum growth performance and improved digestibility of nutrients were found in fish fed with diet at 10% replacement level as compared to fish fed on control diet and other test diets. Additionally, it was found that the red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of fish showed a significantly (p 0.05) inverse correlation with the increase in MOLM. In present research, it was concluded that MOLM has good potential to be used as a FM substitute in C. mrigala diet with maximum effect at 10% showing positive hematological indices.

Resumo A proteína do peixe está servindo como fonte de nutrição para o mundo faminto por proteína. No entanto, produtos de aquicultura sustentáveis requerem subprodutos vegetais baratos devido às fontes finitas de farinha de peixe. Portanto, este estudo foi conduzido para examinar a utilização de nutrientes, o desempenho do crescimento e os índices hematológicos de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados com dietas à base de farelo de folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOLM). Os peixes foram alimentados com seis dietas isonitrogênicas e isoenergéticas contendo MOLM como substituto da farinha de peixe (FM) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% pelo período de 90 dias. Os alevinos com peso inicial de 6,35 ± 0,04g foram criados em tanques triplicados com densidade de 15 animais e alimentados à mão a uma taxa de 5% da biomassa total duas vezes regularmente. O nível de inclusão de óxido crômico foi de 1% nas dietas. Após análise, desempenho máximo de crescimento e melhor digestibilidade de nutrientes foram encontrados em peixes alimentados com dieta em nível de reposição de 10% em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle e outras dietas teste. Além disso, verificou-se que as concentrações de hemácias, leucócitos, hemoglobina e hemoglobina corpuscular média dos peixes apresentaram correlação inversa significativa (p 0,05) com o aumento do MOLM. Na presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que o MOLM tem bom potencial para ser utilizado como substituto do FM na dieta de C. mrigala com efeito máximo a 10% apresentando índices hematológicos positivos.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings / Eficácia de dietas à base de algodão com fitase acidificada suplementada no desempenho do crescimento e na composição proximada de dedos de Labeo rohita

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p <0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Use of phytase and citric acid supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on canola meal based diet / Uso de suplementação de fitase e ácido cítrico no desempenho do crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de dedos Cirrhinus mrigala alimentados em dieta à base de refeição de canola

Abstract Fishmeal; being a limited and costly feed ingredient is continuously been substituted with locally available plant proteins. However, the occurrence of anti-nutritional factors in plant meal suppresses its potential to be fully replaced. Therefore, in this study we aimed to study the synergistic effects of dietary additives like citric acid and phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. Canola meal (CM) was used as a test ingredient to replace fishmeal (FM) as; 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. These four diets were further supplemented by varying levels of phytase (0 and 750 FTU kg-1) and citric acid (0% and 2.5%) to formulate total sixteen test diets as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 and T16. Each treatment contained three replicates; applied to fish groups having 15 fingerlings each; following 3×3 factorial arrangement. 1% of chromic oxide was added as an inert marker. Maximum weight gain% (288%) and the lowest value of FCR (1.07) were recorded when fish was fed on diet T12 as compared to fish fed control diet (T1). Similarly, optimum nutrient digestibility values such as crude protein (77%), crude fat (84%) and gross energy (70%) were noted on same level. It was concluded that 50% canola meal can optimally replace fishmeal when supplemented with phytase and citric acid at the levels of 750 FTU kg-1 and 2.5%, respectively.

Resumo A farinha de peixe, por ser um ingrediente alimentar limitado e caro, é continuamente substituída por proteínas vegetais disponíveis localmente. No entanto, a ocorrência de fatores antinutricionais na farinha de plantas suprime seu potencial de ser totalmente substituída. Portanto, neste estudo objetivamos estudar os efeitos sinérgicos de aditivos dietéticos como ácido cítrico e suplementação com enzima fitase sobre o desempenho de crescimento e digestibilidade de nutrientes de alevinos de Cirrhinus mrigala. A farinha de canola (CM) foi usada como ingrediente de teste para substituir a farinha de peixe (FM) como: 0%, 25%, 50% e 75%. Essas quatro dietas foram suplementadas por níveis variados de fitase (0 e 750 FTU kg-1) e ácido cítrico (0% e 2,5%) para formular um total de 16 dietas de teste como T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15 e T16. Cada tratamento continha três repetições; aplicado a grupos de peixes com 15 alevinos cada; seguindo o arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. 1% de óxido crômico foi adicionado como um marcador inerte. % de ganho de peso máximo (288%) e o valor mais baixo de FCR (1,07) foram registrados quando os peixes foram alimentados com dieta T12 em comparação com peixes alimentados com dieta controle (T1). Da mesma forma, valores ótimos de digestibilidade de nutrientes, como proteína bruta (77%), gordura bruta (84%) e energia bruta (70%) foram anotados no mesmo nível. Concluiu-se que 50% da farinha de canola pode substituir de forma ideal a farinha de peixe quando suplementada com fitase e ácido cítrico nos níveis de 750 FTU kg-1 e 2,5%, respectivamente.

Chemotherapeutic nanomaterials in tumor boundary delineation: Prospects for effective tumor treatment

Accurately delineating tumor boundaries is key to predicting survival rates of cancer patients and assessing response of tumor microenvironment to various therapeutic techniques such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review discusses various strategies that have been deployed to accurately delineate tumor boundaries with particular emphasis on the potential of chemotherapeutic nanomaterials in tumor boundary delineation. It also compiles the types of tumors that have been successfully delineated by currently available strategies. Finally, the challenges that still abound in accurate tumor boundary delineation are presented alongside possible perspective strategies to either ameliorate or solve the problems. It is expected that the information communicated herein will form the first compendious baseline information on tumor boundary delineation with chemotherapeutic nanomaterials and provide useful insights into future possible paths to advancing current available tumor boundary delineation approaches to achieve efficacious tumor therapy.

A network-biology approach for identification of key genes and pathways involved in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

Even in the current age of advanced medicine, the prognosis of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) remains abysmal. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of MPM are still largely not understood. Adopting an integrated bioinformatics approach, this study aims to identify the key genes and pathways responsible for MPM. Genes that are differentially expressed in MPM in comparison with the peritoneum of healthy controls have been identified by analyzing a microarray gene expression dataset. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of these differentially expressed genes (DEG) were conducted to gain a better insight. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the proteins encoded by the DEGs was constructed using STRING and hub genes were detected analyzing this network. Next, the transcription factors and miRNAs that have possible regulatory roles on the hub genes were detected. Finally, survival analyses based on the hub genes were conducted using the GEPIA2 web server. Six hundred six genes were found to be differentially expressed in MPM; 133 are upregulated and 473 are downregulated. Analyzing the STRING generated PPI network, six dense modules and 12 hub genes were identified. Fifteen transcription factors and 10 miRNAs were identified to have the most extensive regulatory functions on the DEGs. Through bioinformatics analyses, this work provides an insight into the potential genes and pathways involved in MPM.

A network-biology approach for identification of key genes and pathways involved in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

Even in the current age of advanced medicine, the prognosis of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) remains abysmal. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of MPM are still largely not understood. Adopting an integrated bioinformatics approach, this study aims to identify the key genes and pathways responsible for MPM. Genes that are differentially expressed in MPM in comparison with the peritoneum of healthy controls have been identified by analyzing a microarray gene expression dataset. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of these differentially expressed genes (DEG) were conducted to gain a better insight. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the proteins encoded by the DEGs was constructed using STRING and hub genes were detected analyzing this network. Next, the transcription factors and miRNAs that have possible regulatory roles on the hub genes were detected. Finally, survival analyses based on the hub genes were conducted using the GEPIA2 web server. Six hundred six genes were found to be differentially expressed in MPM; 133 are upregulated and 473 are downregulated. Analyzing the STRING generated PPI network, six dense modules and 12 hub genes were identified. Fifteen transcription factors and 10 miRNAs were identified to have the most extensive regulatory functions on the DEGs. Through bioinformatics analyses, this work provides an insight into the potential genes and pathways involved in MPM.

Measurement of radium concentration and radon exhalation rates of soil samples collected from some areas of Bulandshahr district, Uttar Pradesh, India using plastic track detectors

Radon is an odourless, colourless and tasteless gas and it is the first cause of lung cancer among non- smokers. The assessment of the level of radium in building materials helps in understanding the radiological implications. It has been observed that everyone has some levels of exposure to them. Therefore measurement of radium and radon in the soil samples are important from public health point of view. In the present work, radon exhalation rate and radium from soil samples have been measured through "Sealed Can technique" using LR-115 type II plastic track detector. Twenty two samples were collected from industrial area of Bulandshahr, Hapur and Meerut districts of Uttar Pradesh [India]. The radium concentration ranges from 9.2 to 18.7 Bqkg[-1] with an average value of 14.1 Bqkg[-1]. The area exhalation rate for radon ranges from 394.1 to 798.3 mBqm[-2] h[- 1] with an average value of 600.7 mBqm[-2] h[-1] and mass exhalation rate ranges from 15.1 to 30.7 mBqkg[-1]h[-1] with an average value of 23.1 mBqkg[-1]h[-1]. A strong correlation coefficient has been observed between radium concentration and radon exhalation rate. The values of radium concentration in all the soil samples were found to be lower than the limit 370 Bqkg[-1] as recommended by OECD, 1979. Hence, there is no matter of concern to the population living in this region

Measurements of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny in Farrukhabad city of Uttar Pradesh, India

More than 50% of the total dose received by human beings from all sources of radiation [both from natural and manmade] comes from radon and its progeny which is responsible for lung cancer in many cases. In the present study, the measurements have been carried out by using twin chamber dosimeter cups with LR-115 type-II detectors. The value of track density of detectors gives the concentration of radon, thoron and their progeny in different modes. The average value of radon and thoron concentration was found 59 and 28 Bq/m[3], respectively. The inhalation dose was found to vary from 1.6 to 2.9 mSv/y. The average value of PAEC for radon and thoron was found 6.4 mWL and 0.75 mWL, respectively. Total annual exposure and annual effective dose varies from 0.23 to 0.39 WLM and 0.87 to 1.51 mSv/y respectively. The values of life time fatality risk was found to vary from 0.68 x 10[-4] to 1.18 x 10[-4]. These measurements show that the radon/thoron concentrations and annual effective dose received by the population of the area are well below the action level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection [ICRP]

Anaphylactic reactions of ionic and nonionic contrasts during coronary angiogram

To compare the acute anaphylactic reactions of ionic and nonionic contrasts in patients undergoing coronary angiogram. Experimental study. This study was conducted in Catheterization Laboratory of Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore from 28th September 2007 to 27th March 2008. 200 patients undergoing coronary angiogram, admitted in Punjab institute of Cardiology Lahore through outpatient department [OPD] and emergency ward were included. The socio demographic information like name, age sex and address were recorded. After taking informed consent, the patients were divided into two groups by using random numbers table before the procedure. First group received ionic and the second group received nonionic dye. All patients will undergo coronary angiogram and anaphylactic reactions were recorded. Out of 200 patients 153 [76.5%] were male and 47 [23.5%] were female. Age range was 32-75 yrs with mean age of 53.94 +/- 10.07 of study population. The study population was divided into two equal groups. First group 100 patients received Ionic dye while second group 100 patients received Non ionic dye. Anaphylactic complications during coronary angiogram were more common in patients who received ionic contrast as compared to non ionic contrast group. Anaphylactic complications during coronary angiogram were more common with ionic dye as compared to non ionic contrast

Comparison of complications in patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with and without right ventricular infarction

To compare in-hospital complications in terms of complete heart block and mortality in patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with or without right ventricular infarction and to see the frequency of right ventricle infarction in patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction. Cross-sectional comparative study. The study was conducted at Chaudary Pervez Elahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan from 7th August 2009 to 6th February 2010. 73 patients with inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were distributed into two groups; one with IWMI only and second with IWMI with RV infarction. Patients with prior MI, pre-exiting heart failure, valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, acute pulmonary embolism, significant pulmonary diseases were excluded from the study. The data was analyzed by using software SPSS. The difference in frequencies of complications in two groups was compared using chi square test and a p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Mean age was 51.95 +/- 11.8 years in group 1 and 54.17 +/- 12.0 years in group 2. Patients in group 2 had more complications as compared to group 1. The incidence of Complete AV block was 7 [38%] in group 2 vs. 3 [5%] in group 1 [p=<0.001]. The incidence of right ventricular infarction in patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction was noted to be 26%. RVI results in increase in the frequency of complete heart block and mortality in patients of inferior wall myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction and the incidence of right ventricular infarction in inferior wall MI was 26%

Prevention of ethambutol induced changes by memantine in optic nerve of rabbit

This study was designed to evaluate the prevention of ethambutol [EMB] induced toxicity in optic nerve by memantine. Forty optic nerve specimens were obtained from twenty New Zealand albino rabbits; these were divided into four groups, each comprising five animals. Group A, was given distilled water according to their weight, in addition to water ad libitum. Group B was treated with EMB 100 mg/kg/day and groups C and D were treated with memontine [MEM], 1 and 5 mg/kg/day respectively, in addition to EMB for four weeks which was given one hour before administering EMB. Optic nerves were removed after sacrificing the animals under anaesthesia and processed for histological examination. It was observed that the preparations from group B showed marked vacuolation of axoplasm [205.60 +/- 49.33] the difference was statistically significant when compared with groups A [2.80 +/- 0.22], C [2.80 +/- 0.98] and D [1.33 +/- 0.37], It was concluded that EMB induced vacuolar changes could be prevented by using MEM

Microbiological surveillance of operation theatres and ICUs of a tertiary care hospital, Lahore

The aims of this work was to study the level of bacterial contamination of air, surfaces and equipment in operation theatres of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Settle plates method was used for air samples and swabs for surfaces and other articles. High bacteriological contamination of air and sucker machine was detected and total bacteriological counts in air samples was high. On the other hand surfaces showed less bacterial contamination. It is concluded that microbiological surveillance of operating theaters can play an important role in reducing bacterial contamination consequently peroperative infectious episodes can be reduced considerably

Feasibility and effectiveness of ESWL for selected vesical calculi

To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of ESWL for selected Urinary Bladder stones. Retrospective quasi experimental study from September 2004 to February 2007. The Stone Center, Taj Medical Complex, Karachi. Twenty six consecutive patients of over 12 years of age with bladder stones of less then 2.5 cm and without symptoms of outflow obstruction. Detailed clinical work-up of all the patients was done. The diagnosis of bladder stone was made either on an IVP or an ultrasound combined with X-ray KUB. Bladder outflow obstruction was excluded on clinical grounds. All patients received shock waves ranging from 14 to 20 kV, up to a maximum of 3000 shocks in a single session. If complete fragmentation was seen before this, the treatment was stopped. Patients were reviewed after 72 hours with a KUB X-ray. Patients with residual stones received a 2nd session at this stage. If no fragmentation was seen after two sessions, the patients were offered alternate modes of treatment. If there was any residual fragment left after two sessions, a third session took place. During the study period, 31 patients presented with bladder stones. Two patients with significant outflow obstructive symptoms, one patient with a stone of 3.5 centimeters and two children [age<12 years] were excluded from the study. Of the 26 remaining patients, 19 were males and seven females. Eighteen patients had complete stone clearance after one session and five after two sessions, while one patient required three sessions for complete stone clearance. Two patients did not have any significant fragmentation and were offered alternate treatment modalities. Overall 24 out of 26 [92.3%] patients had a complete stone clearance. ESWL is a very effective and safe modality for treatment of selected bladder stones. The treatment can be provided on an out-patient basis

Experience with permanent pacemaker implantation at Mayo Hospital, Lahore

Permanent pacemaker implantation procedure was started at Mayo Hospital, Lahore in March, 1978. Till December 31st 1998 nine hundred and sixty six permanent pacemakers had been implanted in this institution. 53% patients were males and 47% patients were females. 55% patients were between 50-70 years old. The youngest patient was only six months old while maximum age of the patients implanted with permanent pacemaker was ninety nine years old. 92% patients had fist implant while 6% patient had second implant and 2% patient had third implant. 84% patients had complete heart block, 5.5% patients had sick sinus syndrome, 2.7% patients had symptomatic second degree heart block, 2.6% patients had congenital heart block

Gastroschisis

We present three cases with a rare congenital anomaly called gastroschisis. One was born with whole midgut protruding out of the abdominal wall; the eviscerated gut was nonviable for which resection was done. Two cases had staged reduction by prosthetic silo made of new material. First case died after the operation, second case has survived with a big ventral hernia and third case died 8 hours after operation due to prematurity

Comparison of ringer lactate with low molecular weight dextran in ringer lactate [Saviosol] in early burn resuscitation: a prospective study of 10 cases

This prospective study tests one brand of low molecular weight dextran [LMWD] in ringer lactate [SAVIOSOL] against Ringer Lactate [RL] alone in burn resuscitation. Ten cases of fresh burns, split into two random groups of five cases each were studied over a period of forty-eight hours and their response to the two types of intravenous [I/V] fluid administration was observed. Average age in the RL group [Group-I] was 22.6 years and burn extent 44.6% total body surface area [TBSA]. LMWD group [Group-II] was aged 18.6 years with 41.2% TBSA burns. Sex ratio was similar in both groups. Total I/V fluid received by Group-I was 7.6 L on day one and 5.141 L on day two. Corresponding figures for Group-II were 7.02 L and 5.03 L respectively. Composition of fluids was similar except that Group-II received SAVIOSOL [mean: 1.86 L] on day one while Group-I received no colloid. Resuscitation was evaluated by clinical and laboratory observations. Statistically significant differences between groups were noted in one clinical and one laboratory parameter. Pulse rate during the last 12 hours of study [36-48 hours postadmission] at 111/minute in Group-II, as against 121/minute in Group-I, indicated full volume restoration in the former but continued hypovolemia in Group-I. Platelet count lowered much more in Group-II, suggesting platelet disaggregation and improved microcirculation. Parameters that fell short of statistical significance but were nevertheless suggestive of improved performance by LMWD group included 24-hour urine output, Base deficit and Plasma protein values. It is concluded that addition of LMWD to ringer lactate in early resuscitation of acute burns in helpful in correcting hypovolemia and improving urinary output thus reducing chances of renal shutdown

Mean duration of hospital stay of IHD patients at CCU Mayo Hospital, Lahore

The objective of the study was to determine the mean stay of patients with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina admitted to Coronary Care Unit of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. This prospective study carried out during one year period included three hundred fifty patients. Out of these, two hundred and fifty-seven [73.4%] were males and ninety-three [26.6%] were females. About 59.4% had acute myocardial infarction as per WHO criteria, 33.7% had associated Left Ventricular Failure [LVF]. The average stay was 11 +/- 0.43 days. Those with Acute Myocardial Infarction stayed for average of 10 +/- 0.43 days. The shortest stay was for young patients between forty-one to fifty years old. The longest stay with extensive ant. wall myocardial infarction patient was 13 +/- 2.6 days. It is concluded that patients stay much longer in CCu in one set-up. This may be due to physician's attitude or condition of the patient admitted in CCU