Validation and use of the HFIAS questionnaire for measuring household food insecurity in Varamin-2009

Measuring food insecurity has been an ongoing challenge to researchers. This study was carried out to assess the validity of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale [HFIAS] in measuring household food insecurity in an urban area of Varamin in 2009. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 400 households from different parts of Varamin, a city south of Tehran, were selected by the multi stage cluster sampling method. Household food security was measured by the 9-item HFIAS questionnaire that asks whether a specific condition associated with the experience of food insecurity ever occurred during the previous 30 days. Based on the HAFIAS questionnaire score, households were categorized in 4 groups according to access to food; food secure, mildly, moderately and severely food insecure access. In the second stage of the study, 30 households were selected from each group. Food security was observed in 21% of households. Mildly, moderately and severely food insecure access was 46.5, 25 and 7.5%, respectively. Based on the responses to the 9 questions of the HFIAS questionnaire, perceptions that food is of insufficient quality [72%], two main factors emerged from the rotated principal component factor including: 1] Insufficient food quality and 2] Insufficient food intake. Both factors explained 77.5% of the total variance. HFIAS has good internal consistency [Cronbach's a= 0.95]. Food insecurity was observed in households in this urban area of Varamin. The HFIAS measurement instrument shows acceptable validity and reliability in measuring food insecurity among households

Qualitative study on nutritional knowledge of primary-school children and mothers in Tehran

The nutritional education demands of primary-school children in Tehran were evaluated in a qualitative study, through 20 focus group discussions, 16 for children and 4 for mothers, among 128 children aged 6-11 years and 32 mothers in 8 primary schools in Tehran. Children knew about the advantages of different food groups, including helping digestion, growth and increasing intelligence. They obtained their knowledge mainly from their parents and television, as well as books, teachers and friends. Mothers thought the sources that had most effect on children's nutritional knowledge were television advertisements, parents and classmates. Most of the children claimed that they preferred to learn about nutrition from their parents and television, e.g. children's programmes and advertisements

[Qualitative and quantitative dietary assessment of primary school children in Tehran]

Most of our food habits and preferences originate during childhood. Following an adequate and balanced diet from childhood is one of the most important factors in preventing degenerative diseases in adulthood. Thus, determining children's food consumption patterns is a high health priority. The present study was initiated to determine meal and snacking patterns of primary school children during 2003-2005 in Tehran. A total of 761 male and female primary school children [378 grade 1, 383 grades 2 to 5] from all the 19 Educational Areas in Tehran, selected by multistage cluster sampling, were included in the study. General information was collected in 2 parts, by interviewing [1]. the students, and [2]. the students' mothers or caregivers. For collecting information on food consumption during the previous month the 24-h-recall technique and a snack-frequency questionnaire were used. Results are reported as means +/- standard deviations and frequency distributions. The mean daily intakes of energy among the first and other grade students were 1910 +/- 551 and 2014 +/- 539 kcal, respectively. As compared to RDA, energy intake [95% RDA for grade 1 and 91% for other grades] and iron intake [86% for other grades] were inadequate, while the intakes of other nutrients were adequate. The mean intakes of energy, protein and some of the B vitamins among girls were higher than among boys