Production of fish protein hydrolyzate for use as fortifying agent in some food products

Silver carp fish was used as a raw material for preparing protein hydrolyzate by two methods: 1] Autlysis in the presence of sodium chloride or without it at 65 °C and 2] Enzymatic hydrolysis using two proteolytic enzymes, pepsin or papain to obtain fish protein hydrolyzate under controlled conditions. The obtained papain protein hydrolyzate had high quantity and quality as compared with the other produced hydrolyzates. The obtained hydrolyzate was used for fortification of Egyptian shamy bread and biscuit as source of essential amino acids. It was added in different levels [2-4%] for shamy bread and [0.5-5.0%] for biscuits. Chemical, nutritional and organoleptic properties of supplemented shamy bread and biscuit were evaluated and the results were as follows: 1-Produced silver carp protein hydrolyzates contained [64.69-93.9 1%] protein, [0.44-0.87%] fat, [4.91-33.01%] ash and [0.54-3.37%] carbohydrates [on dry weight basis] depending on the method of hydrolysis used. Also, the amino acid composition of papain fish protein hydrolyzate contained the following amino acids [gm/100 gm protein]: Isoleucine 4.72, leucine 8.64, lysin 8.74, threonine 4.67, valine 4.96, histidin 3.20, methionine+cystine 5.59 and phenylalanine+tyrosine 7.92. 2-Organoleptic evaluation revealed that shamy bread and biscuit samples fortified with 4% and 5% silver carp protein hydrolyzate, respectively were the best among all examined treatments; hence both contained more protein and essential amino acids contents

Intestinal absorption and presystemic disposition of sildenafil citrate in the rabbit: evidence for site-dependent absorptive clearance

Sildenafil citrate is the first oral treatment of erectile dysfunction. Its oral bioavailability is about 40%. This research characterized the intestinal transport parameters of sildenafil citrate in rabbit using in situ intestinal perfusion technique. This was studied in flint different anatomical sites, namely duodenum, jejunoileum, ascending-colon and rectum. The results revealed the highest absorptive clearance in the jejunoileum. The value of permeability area product normalized to segment length [ml/min cm] were 0.0101, 0.0063, 0.0059 and 0.0023 and those of percentage absorbed were 67.95, 32.27, 23 and 5.03 in jejunoileum, duodenum, ascending colon, and rectum respectively. The values of the length [cm] required for complete absorption were 87.58, l37.23, 153.27, and 384.09 for each segment in the some order. The absorptive clearance did not correlate with the net water flux in the four anatomical, regions studied, indicating mainly passive diffusion mechanism through transcellular pathway. The plasma sildenafil concentrations achieved dosing intestinal perfusion experiments and sildenafil total body clearance in rabbit were used to calculate the fraction of sildenafil that reached the systemic circulation relative to the amount disappeared from the intestinal segment. Only.34% of sildenafil disappeared from the intestinal segment appeared in the systemic circulation indicating that the presystemic elimination of slidenafil is 66%. These results confirm that the incomplete bioavailability of sildenafil is mainly due presystemic elimination

Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of oesophageal varices before and after sclerotherapy

This study included 60 chronic liver disease patients classified into 3 groups: Group I included 20 patients with past history of haematemesis [elective sclerotherapy group] in which EUS is done before and after eradication of varices. Group II included 20 patients with acute bleeding in which emergency sclerotherapy was done to stop the attack of bleeding, then EUS was performed after cessation of bleeding and once again after eradication of varices. Group III included 20 patients suffering from oesophageal varices with no history of haematcmesis in which EUS is done for follow-up. After sclerotherapy, the layer structures of the oesophagus become disrupted with marked thickening and very tiny tortuous echo-fret structures that could be visualized. Also, following complete variceal eradication, endosonographic ssessnient revealed significant decrease of oesophageal intramural collaterals and perforators. The azygos vein diameter significantly increases after variceal eradication. The paramural collates did not show any significant difference. Also, portal hypertensive gastropathy [PHG] and gastric varices did not show any significant difference

Carpal tunnel release with short palmar incision

This work presented an experience with carpal tunnel release via short palmer incision [2 to 2.5 cm] without any specially designed instruments. This technique was carried on eight patients [ten hands], six unilateral and two bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. This technique of carpal tunnel release combines the simplicity and safety of traditionally open release and the reduced tissue trauma and improved the postoperative recovery of the endoscopic modality. Another four patients [four hands], previously operated for carpal tunnel syndrome with persistent or recurrent disabling symptoms were also presented. The previous classical incisions were used for carpal tunnel release in those four patients. The causes of persistent symptoms in those patients were discussed

functional repair of unilateral cleft lip

The goal in cleft lip repair is the restoration of the normal anatomy as far as possible. Most of the attempts and efforts in cleft lip repair had been directed toward the skin incision. In recent years the importance of the functional cleft lip repair with orbicularis oris muscle realignment and a sequential layered closure has been stressed. The aim of this paper was to present the clinical experience with accurate repair of the 2 different functional portions of the orbicularis oris muscle [the intrinsic and extrinsic bundles] in the correction of unilateral cleft lip in 10 cases

Biochemical effects of some synthetic food and drug colorants on liver function, some hormones and haematological parameters in male and female mice

The effect of feeding synthetic food and drug colorants belonging to four different chemical classes, i.e. brilliant black [Bk], brilliant blue [Bl], erythrosine [Er], and indigo carmine [In] were studied. Groups of male and female mice [10/sex/group] were fed ad libitum diets mixed with the synthetic food colorants 250 mg/kg diet for 7 months. The activities of GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase of liver and heart tissues were inhibited in male and female mice relative to control, and males were more affected than females. The serum levels of T3 [triodothyronine] and T4 [thyroxine] were reduced, while erythrosine reduced also the level of testosterone relative to control. The blood hemoglobin content was increased under the effect of the 4 synthetic food colorants in the order Er > Bk > In > Bl as well as the RBCs, while WBCs count were increased relative to control in male and female mice. Pathological, histopathological changes were observed either in female or male mice organs, specially in the liver and stomach. Some changes were found in the liver tissues and cell nucleus [polynucleus], in addition, enlargement of the stomach size was evident

Long-term biochemical and genotoxicity studies of four synthetic food and drug colourants in mice

Four different food and drug synthetic colorants, brilliant black [Bk] brilliant blue [Bl], erythrosine [Er], and indigo carmine [In] were fed to groups of male and female mice at dose of [250 mg/kg diet] for 7 months. DNA and RNA content were determined in kidney, liver, brain, muscles, heart and spleen. Also, electrophoretic pattern of plasma protein, chromosomal aberration were done in both sexes. The feeding of colorants decrease DNA content of all organs expect brain which remained nearly constant in both males and females, DNA reached to 42, 24, 18.2, 12 and 6.6 mg/100 g fresh tissue of kidney, liver, brain muscles, heart and spleen, respectively. Also, RNA contents decreased in all examined organs except brain which was kept unchanged relative to control. Chromosomal aberration ranged from 40% to 44.6% in [Er] group to 29.3% to 34% for [Bl] group in both female and male mice. This study was done to clarify the biochemical changes and genotoxic effect of food and drug colorants

Serum and gastric tissue changes in lithium calcium and zinc ions during stress and their correlation to the gastric stress ulcers in albino rats

48 adult male albino rats of an average weight of 150 to 200 g were used to study the effect of different stressors; restraint, water immersion and cold exposure on both serum and gastric tissue Ca2+, Li+ and Zn2+ levels and their correlation with the changes in composition of gastric juice and with the development of gastric stress ulcers. Zinc sulphate pretreatment was also studied to test for a possible protective effect. The gastric juice was collected after pyloric ligation and analyzed for the volume, total acidity and proteolytic activity. Both serum and gastric tissue Ca2+, Li+ and Zn2+ were measured and the gastric mucosal lesions were scored. The ulcer and preventive indices were then calculated. The results were compared with those of a control non stressed group. It was found that all forms of stress reduced significantly the rate of gastric secretion probably secondary to gastric mucosal ischaemia. Neither the serum nor the gastric tissue levels of the gastric stimulant Ca2+, or the gastric inhibitory Li+ and Zn2+ are significantly changed and hence their role in the secretory changes and stress ulcer development was not evident. However, increasing the serum and gastric tissue Zn2+ concentration following zinc sulphate pretreatment could inhibit gastric secretion and exert a protective effect against the different forms of stress ulcer

Production of precooked dehydrated soups: III-preparation of beef meat and chicken meat, vegetable soups and chemical, sensory and keeping quality evaluations

In this study quick meals such as precooked dehydrated beef-vegetable soup and chicken-vegetable soup were prepared on laboratory scale. Fresh vegetable were cleaned sorted, pealed, cut and cooked in pressure-cooker. The cooked components were air-dried and formulated in different rations to obtain the soup mixes. The best-vegetable soup mix contained: peas, potato, carrot, cabbage, tomato, onion, beef or chicken meat, salt, black paper, starch and hydrogenated vegetable oil. The chemical composition of meat-vegetable soup and chicken vegetable soup in percentage as%, was as follows moisture 6.27 and 6.14; protein 15.47 and 16.56; fat 13.02 and 12.42; ash 16.28 and 15.79; fiber 3.56 and 3.56; reducing sugars 9.85 and 9.86, non reducing sugars 2.22 and 2.22; starch 39.60 and 39.59 respectively. The produced soups were also rich in minerals and vitamins, Reconstitution and preparation of these soups for serve demand boiling of soup mix in water for 13 min only. The keeping quality of the product was retained for six months of storage at room temperature

Production of precooked dehydrated soups: IV-preparation of lentil-vegetable soup and chemical, sensory and keeping quality evaluation

Alentil soup product was prepared from a mixture of a pre cooked dried lentil and carrot, The mixture also included noodles, tomato, onion, cumin, table salt and by roared vegetable oil, The soup mixture contained [on dry basis] : protein 13.82%, fat 11.95% ash 12.37% fiber 0.91% and total carbohydrates 60.95% Also, the soup mix was rich in minerals and vitamins, The obtained energy [as calculated] was about 407 kcal/100 gm dried soup, The organoleptic evaluation indicated that the product was characterized with pleasant taste and odour and good texture and color, In addition, the soup mix retained its physico- chemi cal and organoleptic properties for a six months of storage at room temperature when the product was filled in aluminum foil packages

Production of halva tahinia from sunflower seeds [helianthus annuus]: II-preparation of sunflower seed kernel butter [tahina] and its valuation

Sunflower seeds were cleaned, dehulled, roasted and grinded in stone- mill to obtain sunflower kernel butter [tahinia]. The obtained sunflower tahinia was subjected to chemical analysis and organoleptic evaluation and compared with sesame tahinia. This study revealed that there was a reasonable similarity in proximate analysis of both sesame and sunflower tahinia, except that sunflower tahinia was characterized with high fiber content, while sesame tahinia was contained higher amount of oil. The fatty acid pattern of both sunflower and sesame tahinia was almost the same, while the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids [mainly oleic and linoleic] was higher in sunflower tahinia [68.22%] as compared to its amount in sesame tahina [54.58%]. The protein of sunflower tahina was low in most essential amino acids. The content of these amino acids may be affected by the heat treatment [roasting process]. Determination of minerals indicated that sesame tahinia contained amounts of Ca, Na, Cu, Mn, and Zn more than that found in sunflower tahina. The organoleptic evaluation of sunflower tahina indicated that the product characterized with acceptable taste, odor, color and texture could be consumed directly as salad dressing. Generally, the chemical and organoleptic evaluation of sunflower tahinia indicated the possibility of using this product directly as a salad or for halva tahinia production

Production of single cell protein [SCP] from Egyptian cane sugar molasses III Determination of nucleic and amino acids content, protein fractions and protein digestability of the yeast candida humicola 6

In this investigation, the fooder yeast Candida humicola 6 was grown on sugar cane molasses media under aerobic conditions. The obtained biomass was chemically analyzed for the nucleic acids [RNA and DNA] and the true protein and nonprotein nitrogen content. Also, the yeast protein fractions and the amino acid content of each protein fraction and the whole biomass were determined. Besides, the protein digestibility by the proteolytic enzymes was determined [in vitro]. The results indicated that the yeast cells contained 5.99% nucleic acids, 37.4% true protein and 52.4% crude protein at the end of the logarithmic phase. The highest amount of protein fractions was that of the alkali fraction, [61.6% of the total cell protein]. The alkali protein fraction was the more rich in all amino acids especially the essential amino acids which were in amounts higher than that given in Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] pattern. The whole cells were also rich in most amino acids except sulfur-amino acids. The yeast cells protein was characterized by a high digestibility ratio, 77.2%, especially, when the cells were inoculated with pepsin in vitro. The above-mentioned results indicate that the biomass of C. humicola 6 can be used in food and feed purposes, the alkali protein fraction which has high nutritional value can also be used as supplement for the poor protein-foods