Evaluation of oils from the plants mentha sativa,] ocimum basilicum and cinnamomum camphor on survival, hepatic enzymes activities and protein electrophoresis of biomphalaria Alexandrina snails

Three plant oils from the plants Spearmint, Basil and Camphor were tested for their molluscicidal activity against Biomaphalaria alexandrina snails. Spearmint oil was more toxic than the other two oils against B. alexandrina. Its Lc50 was 42 ppm; meanwhile the values were 500 and 560 ppm for Basil and Camphor, respectively. Spearmint oil, also, showed a more deleterious effect against both miracidia and cercariae of S. mansoni than the other two oils, all of them were killed after 15 min of exposure to 70 ppm. The present results indicated that the alterations in total protein concentrations in tissues of treated snails were not significantly different from that of control ones. It was noticed, also, that the increase in the activity of ALT enzyme and the decrease in that of AlkP enzyme in tissues of treated snails were not significantly different than that of control snails. However, Spearmint oil at 32 and 42 ppm significantly decreased the activities of AST and ACP activities in snail's tissues in comparison with control ones. The electrophoretic [SDS-PAGE] pattern of tissue soluble proteins extracted from treated and controls B. alexandrina snails showed different plant oils effects on the synthesis of protein within snails yielded a complex pattern of polypeptides ranging in molecular weight between 14.7 to 304.6 KDa. Some bands were present in treated snails especially at Camphor oil and at 500ppm of Basil oil. At least, three bands were absent from tissues of snails treated with 42ppm of Spearmint oil in comparison with control group. The molecular weights of these bands are 14.9, 15.7 and 17.0 KDa. It was, also observed that total number of bands in snails treated with Basil or Camphor oil was more [15-17 bands] than that of control group [13 bands]

Influence of certain fertilizers on the activity of some molluscicide against Biomphalaria Alexandrina and lymnaea natalensis snails

Effect of the fertilizers [ammonium nitrate, potassium sul- phate and urea] on molluscicides [copper sulphate, niclosamide and mollutox] against B. alexand-rina and L. natalensis was investigated. The molluscicides were more potant than fertilizers. Snails were exposed for 24 hr to a fertilizers using LC0 [1/10 and LC50] than, to molluscicides. Per- exposure to potassium sulphate caused a synergistic action with copper sulphate, niclosamide and mollutox on L. natalen-sis. Pre-exposure to urea caused an additive effect with niclo-samide and mollutox against L. natalensis and B. alexandrina res- pectively. Pre-exposure to ammonium nitrate caused an additive action to niclosamide on L. natalensis. Snails exposed for 24hr to one molluscicide, then exposed to fertilizers, showed that pre-exposure to niclosamide or mollutox caused an additive effect with ammonium nitrate and potassium sulphate. Pre-expo-sure to mollutox caused an additive effect with urea on the two snails' sp. Juvenile or adult B. alexandrina were ex-posed to LC0 of molluscicde-fertilizer mixture, showed that urea when mixed with each molluscicides showed greatly reduced on the growth rate percent, survival rate and snail fecundity mollus-cicides and fertilizers mixed at ratios of LC [40:10,30:20, 25:25, 20:30 and 10:40], the toxicity of the mixtures cau-sed antagonistic effect on adult B. alexandrina, but a mixture of niclosamide-ammonium nitrate caused a potent effect [syner-gism or additive] except at ratio 20:30 which showed an antago-nism on L. natalensis. Mixtures of copper sulphatepotassium sulphate [10:40], niclosamide-potassium sulphate [20:30], moll-utox-ammonium nitrate [25:25] revealed an additive effect on L. natalensis.

Semifield trials to control biomphalaria Alexandrina by different modes of exposure to certain plant and chemical molluscicides

Semi-field trials were carried out in Snail Research Station under simulated natural conditions to evaluate different modes of exposure to Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha as plant molluscicides and bayluscide and copper sulphate as chemical molluscicides. Firstly, B. alexandrina were exposed to the tested molluscicides alone and in addition to two densities of aquatic plants. No apparent effect of aquatic plants on the activity of both plant and chemical molluscicides, this may be due that the two densities of the aquatic plants used were insufficient to interfere with the molluscicides action. Secondly, snails were pre-exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations of the plant molluscicides for 24h then to three concentrations of the chemical molluscicides and vice versa. The results indicate that the pre-exposure increases the snail mortality significantly in all treatments of bayluscide and A. arvensis [except in the highest concentration when the snails firstly exposed to bayluscide then to A. arvensis, where the two compared treatment showed 100%] and in all treatments of bayluscide and C. micrantha. Also, in one treatment of copper sulphate and A. arvensis [in the highest concentration when the snails firstly exposed to A. arvensis then to copper sulphate] and in three treatments of copper sulphate and C. micrantha, [in least and moderate concentrations when snails firstly exposed to C. micrantha then to copper sulphate and in the highest concentration when snails firstly exposed to copper sulphate then to C. micrantha]. Thirdly, snails were exposed to mixtures of six different ratios of hayluscide and each of A. arvensiS and C. micrantha. The results indicated that the snail mortality increased significantly only in the first treatient of bayluscide and A. arvensis mixtures and in treatment number 6 of bayluscide and C. micrantha

Influence of some natural and synthetic substances on certain fresh water organsisms and the snail vectors of Schistosomiasis and Fascioliasis

The effect of plants Anagallis arvensis, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia maritima and the synthetic chemical molluscicides bayluscide and copper sulphate on survivorship, egg production of the snail vectors of schistosomiasis [Biomphalaria alexandrina] and fascioliasis [Lymnaea natalensis] and on some fresh water organisms were studied. Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha showed good molluscicidal action against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis where LC90 values were 88 and 93 ppm, respectively, for A. arvensis and 135 and 100 ppm, respectively, for Calendula micrantha. The cumulative mortality of B. alexandrina [70%] was considerably high after 4 weeks of continuous exposure to A. arvensis. Complete inhibition of egg production was obtained for B. alexandrina after 2 weeks of exposure to low concentration of C. micrantha, bayluscide and copper sulphate. A. arvensis increased the maximum standing crops of algal biomass of Sirogyra [1.1358 g] and daily specific growth rate [0.0586 g.], while the control was 1.0106 g. and 0.0503 g., respectively. A low toxic effect on Daphnia pula was obtained under the effect of Anagul1is arvensis [5% mortality] and calendula micrantha [25% mortality] compared with synthetic molluscicides suggesting the use of the tested plants as molluscicides

Effect of copper sulphate, certain plants and adjuvants on the snails Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnae natalensis and on the zooplankton [Daphnia pulex]

The snails Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis were exposed to 1/10 LC50 of copper sulphate or of the plants Anagallis arvensis, Calendula micrantha and Ambrosia maritima. The snails were exposed firstly to copper sulphate then to each of the tested plants and vice-versa. The results showed that the pre-exposure of snails to A. arvensis and C. micrantha plants increased the molluscicidal action of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis where it caused an additive effect. The pre-exposure to A. maritima caused different effects with copper sulphate, where it showed antagonistic effect on B. alexandrina and additive effect on L. natalensis snails. The pre-exposure of snails to copper sulphate increased the molluscicidal action of the tested plants against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis where it caused synergistic effect in case of Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha against L. natalensis and additive effect in the rest of the treatments. Mixing of copper sulphate with each of the tested plants at different ratios caused antagonism in the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis snails. The addition of each of the following adjuvants; mono-ethylene glycol mono-oleate, mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate and KZ mineral oil to copper sulphate increased the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate against B. alexandrina, where it caused synergistic effect. In case of L. natalensis, mono-ethylene glycol mono-oleate and mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate caused an additive effect; while, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate and KZ mineral oil induced antagonistic effect. The result of examination of the toxic effect of copper sulphate in combination with each of the tested adjuvant against Daphnia pulex indicated that the treatment of copper sulphate and mono-ethylene glycol di-oleate increases the molluscicidal activity of copper sulphate and at the same time reduces its toxic effect against non-target organisms [Daphnia] and is the best for application

Impact of desiccation on biology of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails

Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncates snails were exposed to either complete or partial desiccation. Complete desiccation was carried out in dried plastic jars, while in partial one, the snails were exposed on filter paper saturated with dechlorinated and chlorinated water. Desiccation periods were 1 or 3 days, followed by recovery [1, 4, 6 and 8 days]. This technique was continued throughout 6 weeks for B. truncates and 18 weeks for B. alexandrina. Also, the hatchability of eggs laid by desiccated B. alexandrina eggs was evaluated. All treatments of both partial and complete desiccation decreased the survival and net reproductive rates of B. alexandrina and B. truncates snails. The net reproductive rates for snails partially desiccated for 24hr, followed by 6 days of recovery were reduced by 72.3% and 57.9% for B. alexandrina and B. truncates, respectively. Moreover, elongation of partial desiccation to 3 days, followed by 4 days of recovery highly suppressed this parameter for B. truncates to be 1.68 compared to 13.29 for control groups as well the life span of desiccated snails was shortened. In addition, B. truncates could not survive after 3 days of complete desiccation followed by 4 days of recovery, while only 7% of B. alexandrina survived at the 6th week of the test. Data also indicated that hatchability of B. alexandrina eggs obtained from snails exposed to both types of desiccation was not approximately affected, but the hatchability period was elongated in some treatments

Difference in the susceptibilty to certain molluscicides and Schistosoma mansoni infection of three forms Egyptian Biomphalaria glabrata

The first generation of three morphologically different forms of B. glabrata collected from Giza was compared for LC50 values susceptibility to bayluscide and copper sulfate [chemical molluscicides], Anagallis arvensis and Calendula micrantha [plant molluscicides] as well as to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Form 2 as juvenile and adult was less sensitive to C. Micrantha and A. arvensis. Form 3 as juvenile and form 1 as adult were least sensitive to CuSO4. Approximately, the same susceptibility to bayluscide was observed in the three forms, either as juvenile or adult. The sublethal concentrations of the molluscicides on the three forms of B. glabrata showed no significant difference in the growth or survival rate in-between. Form 2 was significantly higher in the egg-laying capacity. The total protein concentration was not affected, except in certain cases, where the increase was primarily due to the increase in the globulin concentrations which was observed with the marked increase observed in the urea concentration and the marked increase or inhibition in the activity of either aspartate aminotransferase [AST] or alanine aminotransferase [ALT]. The digestive gland of the three forms of B. glabrata showed a low susceptibility to infection with the local strain of S. mansoni

Molluscicidal activities of certain pesticide and their mixtures against Biomphalaria alexandrina

In this study, Biomphalaria alexandrina snails were collected from irrigation canals at Giza Governorate and maintained on fresh lettuce leaves under suitable laboratory conditions. Niclosamide and uccmaluscide proved to be the most effective compounds, followed by copper sulfate. This was followed by anilofos, isoprothiolane and fluazifop-P-butyl. Moreover, butachlor herbicide was the least potent compound. In general, the specific molluscicides showed more efficiency than the conventional tested herbicides and fungicides on the treated snails. Pre-exposure to 1/10 LC50 of anilofos, butachlor and isoprothiolane showed synergistic effects to uccmaluscide. However, the same treatment with 1/10 LC50 of fluazifop-P-butyl, isoprothiolane and butachlor gave an additive effect to copper sulfate and niclosamide on the treated snails. Data indicated that when butachlor, anilofos, fluazifop-P-butyl or isoprothiolane added to copper sulfate at ratios of 10:40 and 20:30 of LC50 as well as anilofos when added to copper sulfate at 30:20 showed synergism in activity against snails. On the contrary, the tested mixtures with niclosamide resulted in an antagonistic action, while they showed synergistic effect. Isoprothiolane-uccmaluscide mixture at a ratio of 40:10 of LC50 showed an additive effect on the snails. The determination of niclosamide by gas chromatography indicated that niclosamide showed relatively slower degradation either in case of niclosamide or its mixture with butachlor. Meanwhile, its mixture with anilofos or fluazifop-p-butyl or isoprothiolane showed a rapid degradation

molluscicidal efficacy of three products against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis

The toxicity of three local formulated products [Sol EC [mineral oil], Sisi-6 [surfactant] and castor bean oil EC [plant oil]] was tested against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalensis in two water sources. The results indicated that in dechlorinated water after 24-hour exposure, castor bean oil was the most toxic product against the snails, followed by Sisi-6 and Sol [EC] with LC90 of 250 ppm and 8 ppm against B. alexandrina and L. natalensis, respectively. When Nile water was used after 6-hour exposure, a high concentration of castor bean oil [4 LC90] did not cause 100% mortality of the snails; it was achieved by 2 LC90 of Sisi-6 with Nile water. On the other hand, castor bean oil was more fatal to eggs of the snails [LC90 = 660 ppm] than the other two products. In general, L. natalensis was more susceptible to the experimental products than B. alexandrina

Topical metronidazole for severe and resistant cases of rosacea

Topical metronidazole 0.75% aqueous gel twice daily for 8 weeks was tried in 22 patients with either severe or resistant acne rosacea. Assessment of each case using investigator global assessment, scores for edema and erythema and number of inflammatory lesions was done before treatment and after 4 and 8 weeks of therapy. While, 18 out of 22 patients [81.8%] showed marked improvement, 2 patients [9.1%] were unchanged, and another 2 cases [9.1%] have got worse at the end of the 8 weeks. The drug was found to be tolerable and safe to all patients

Case control study of impetigo

Impetigo is one of the most frequently encountered dermatologic condition, in children [Tunnessen, 1985]. A control study was undertaken to investigate some of the ecological factors, clinical manifestations and complications of Impetigo. Three hundred-seventy patients were studied. The controls children are one hundred eighty-six. Most patients were from Cairo and their age was below 6 years., the females formed a slightly higher proportion of the cases than males. Comparison between cases and controls in the socioeconomic state, presence of ecological factors helping the presence and spread of impetigo between infant and preschool children were studied. There was a strong relation between the presence of scabies, pediculosis capitis, insect bites, itching skin conditions and the occurrence of disease. The results suggested that impetigo as an infectious disease may spread from patients with active lesions to siblings or others in close contact. The results of the study concerning complications revealed that most of the complications occurred with non bullous type, while most of bullous impetigo cases had no complication. Non suppurative complication in the form of Kidney trouble did not occur in any of the different clinical types