reaction of cyanoacetyl hydrazide with cyclopentanone: synthesis of coumarin, pyridine and thiazole derivatives

This work concerns with studying the reaction of cyanoacetyl hydrazide with cyclopentanone to give the hydrazide-hydrazone derivative 3. The reactivity of compound 3 towards different chemical reagents was studied to give coumarin, pyridine and thiazole derivatives. The antimicrobial evaluation of the synthesized products was studied where most of them showed interesting activities

Synthesis and formulation of some new azines and evaluation of their fungicidal efficiency

Twenty five new 3-cyanopyridine-2[1H]-thione derivatives were synthesized by different routes. Structural elucidation of the prepared compounds was carried out by their correct elemental analyses as well as spectroscopic data [IR, Ms, [1]H-NMR]. Fungicidal activity of the new compounds, on two soil borne fungi, was assayed by food poison technique where, some of the new compounds showed good fungicidal activity. Formulation of the most potent one, in the form of 20% EC, was carried out and its fungicidal activity was evaluated which was found to be more active than the standard fungicide Flutolanil [Moncut 25% WP]

Drug prescribing patterns, Sudan study

Good prescribing is an essential element for a successful therapy. There are different measures that guide to a good selection and prescribing of drugs that, may have a positive or negative impact on the rational utilization of them. A survey was carried out in different cities in Sudan to measure different core drug use indicators that accompanied drug prescribing. The study revealed the high rate of self-medication among Sudanese patients [38.8%] and also disclosed the suitability of the number of drugs per prescription [2.1] when compared with other countries that indicates a good prescribing measure. The study showed the negative effect of the short time that allocated to the consultation which was reflected passively on the completion of the investigation, acquiring the given information and as well on the satisfaction of the given services. The study pointed out the high percentage of prescribing antibiotics [79.8%] which may highly affect the future efficiency of this important group of drugs

Control of the root-Knot nematode meloidogyne incognita on table grape by using certain sugarcane residues in newly reclaimed soil

Efficacy of two sugarcane residues, bioearth as compost and filter cake or mud as non-compost at the rates of 100 g and l kg/vine compared to chemical nematicide, oxamyl 24% L in controlling Meloidogyne incognita on table grape cv. Flame Seedless was investigated in newly reclaimed soil under field conditions. The two residues caused considerable reduction in J2 populations in soil and roots, especially at midseason and at the highest rate of both materials. At harvest, however, the population [J2] tended to build up again. Vine yield surpassed those of the check by 41.4% for bioearth and 67.1% for filter cake at the highest rate. Oxamyl achieved 28.6% yield increase over that of check. Lower C/N ratio appeared to affect antagonistic microorganisms resulting in lowering nematode population

Effect of glycyrrhiza [glycyrrhiza glabra] and henna [lawsonia inermis] plant wastes on controlling the root-Knot nematode, meloidogyne incognita on eggplant [solanum melongena]

Dry powdered root of glycyrrhiza and henna leaf powder were applied at the rates of 0.1, 1 and 10 g/pot for controlling Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant cv. Pusa Purple Long under greenhouse conditions. The higher rates [1 and 10 g] of glycyrrhiza did not decrease the number of galls and eggmasses, and plant growth parameters increased over those of the check. In contrast, increasing rates of henna powder reduced the numbers of galls and eggmasses in an increasing manner. Meanwhile, plant growth parameters insignificantly decreased in comparison with the check. Lower C/N ratio appeared to affect microbial activity resulting in lowering nematode population

Preparation of mothers of children with blood diseases for the prevention of viral hepatitis infection

Childhood blood disorders are a heterogeneous group of diseases with wide ranges of etiology, severity, treatment, and prognosis. This is due in great part to the complex structure and function of blood. Child with blood disorders is a regular visitor to medical clinics and hospitals, lives with continuous need to be injected with life, blood from healthy people. Parents need to be taught basic hand-washing technique and methods of avoiding infection as well as identifying its presence. For that reason a group of [30] mothers of children with blood diseases were selected and included in the study for preparing them about the disease, care provided, and prevention of viral hepatitis infection. A preparation program was designed, implemented, and evaluated [a pre/post test]. The result of the study indicated that mothers total score of knowledge was improved significantly after the program [t= 19.64, p.<.0.001]. The study emphasizes the role of the pediatric nurse in dealing not only with children but also with their mothers for better prevention of viral hepatitis infection

effect of play in reducing procedure pain in hospitalized Egyptian and omani children

This study was designed to determine if a difference existed in children's physiologic and psychological response to painful procedures for two groups of hospitalized children in Egypt and Sultanate of Oman. A pretest/post-test factorial design was used. A total of one hundred hospitalized children [fifty Egyptians and fifty Omanies] were randomly assigned to study group or control group. Two different age groups were also included; ten children [four-seven years] and fifteen older children [eight-twelve years]. Children in the study group participated in two periods of planned age-appropriate play before and after the painful procedure, while the control group exposed to the regular ward stimuli. Children's physiological and psychological responses to painful procedures was determined by obtaining their heart rates and their ratings on age-appropriate pain procedures was determined by obtaining their heart rates and their ratings on age-appropriate pain assessment tools. Comparison between means and ANCOVA were performed to test the research hypotheses in relation to treatment groups, age group and culture

Diarrhoea in wild ruminant due tocorona viruses infection

Faecal samples were collected from 135 diseased and apparently healthy wild ruminant of different species, age and sex allocated at Giza and El Mansoura zoo gardens, Egypt. Out of these animals 18 suffering from persisting diarrhoea with or without bloody faeces and 117 apparently healthy animals. Virological, and parasitological examinations were carried out on faecal samples. Parasitological examination revealed Cryptosporidae in 3 Gazzale, Coccidia spp. in 2 Oryax and gastrointestinal nematode [G.I.N.] in S Arawi sheep. Virological examinations by, haemagglutination test [HA], haemagglutination inhibition test [HI] and virus neutrilization test [VNT] revealed that coronaviruses were observed in 10 [55.5%] samples from diseased animals and in 9 [7.69%] samples from apparently healthy animals. HA titre reached to 1/16 and coronaviruses were agglutinated by antiserum of bovine coronaviruses. The isolated virus on MDBK cell culture was confirmed by VNT. These results revealed the existence of coronaviruses in wild ruminants. Antihelminthic drugs, antibiotic symptomatically and electrolyte were used in the treatment of diseased cases. Results of the present study indicate that bovine coronaviruses present in wild animals and suggested that these species may harbor coronaviruses strains which can be transmitted to other animals

Serological studies on flocks showing depressed egg production

A serological investigation undertaken on flocks with depressed egg production. This syndrome is characterized either by a failure to attain predicted production targets or by a fail in egg numbers. The depression in production could reach over 30%. It might or might not return to normal. For a short period the eggs produced in some flocks were smaller, lose color, have poor egg shell strength and many soft shelled eggs are laid. Also, some flocks were suffering from mid respiratory symptoms and increase in mortality with decrease in feed intake. The results revealed that, no obvious correlation was found between antibody to adenovirus, [BDS76 and CELO], infection bronchitis virus [IBV], infections larengotracheitis virus [ILTV], avain encephalomyelitis virus [AEV], Newcastle disease virus [NDV], reovirus or infectious bursal disease virus [IBDV] and this syndrome

Nurses' Knowledge and attitude toward child abuse: tool development

The aim of the study was to develop a Child Abuse Assessment Tool [CAAT], to assess nurses knowledge and attitude toward child abuse, and to determine differences in knowledge and attitude according to nurses' categories [students, educators, and care providers] and education background [Secondary Nursing school [SNS] and High Institute of Nursing [HIN]]. This study included a stratified sample of 336 nurses. They were distributed into 3 main categories and divided into 6 groups. The study carried out in the working area of the subjects. From the results obtained it was concluded that knowledge level of nurses of different categories regarding child abuse ranged from moderate to high, while their attitude was unfavorable [negative]. Nurses emphasized certain sociodemographic factors influencing child abuse and agreed certain high risk children/ parents and specific forms of abuse

Children's conceptions of their illnesses

Conceptions of illness of 40 children aged from five to twelve years were explored, using a semistructured interview guide. Areas of interest included children's conceptions of causality of illness, children's perceptions of intent of treatment, and children's reaction to their hospital experience. Subjects' verbal responses to 30 questions were obtained, summarized, and grouped to compare conceptions according to age [younger and older] as well as sex [boys and girls]. There was statistically significant difference for age in relation to causality of illness. The majority had favorable reaction to their hospital experiences, nurses, physicians and treatment. However, Chi-square revealed no significant differences by age or sex, except for children's reaction to nurses according to age. It is recommended that children's conceptions of illness should be taken into consideration in planning their medical and nursing care

Perceived uncertainty by parents of hospitalized child

This study aimed at measuring uncertainty as a major perceptual variable influencing parents experiences during their child's illness. The parents perception of uncertainty was measured by using a 31-item likert format scale composed of four factors [subscales] measuring the four dimensions of uncertainty: Ambiguity and lack of information and unpredictability. The data were collected over a four-month period pediatric nursing students or medical and surgical units. The person completed the scale was either a mother or a father [N= 82]. It was found that some factors of uncertainty had significant relationships with child's age, and education, and number of prior hospitalization. Uncertainty also had an inverse relationship with child's age. Further study is needed to examine the insignificant and unclear relationship using one diagnostic category of the sample

Some investigations on molds and yeasts associated with tail and fin rot in freshwater fish in Egypt

Different species of molds and yeasts were isolated from fins and skin of Tilapia and Nile Catfishes cultured at different localities in Egypt. The fish were naturally infected with tail and fin rot disease. The isolated molds included Saprolegnia sp.; Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger; Penicillium sp.; Fusarium sp.; Alternaria alternata; Mucor sp.; Chladosporium sp. and Rhizopus sp., while the isolated yeats included Rhodotorulla sp.; Torulopsis sp.; Cryptococcus sp. and Candida albicans

Studies on some urine and serum analysis of healthy, sub and clinical ketosis cows

Urine analysis with "Combi nine urine strip" as well as ketone bodies, glucose, sodium, potassium and transaminases of serum were done for healthy, sub. and clinical ketotic dairy cows within six weeks after parturition from eight farms of dairy friesian cattle, in Dakahleia Governorate. In subclinical ketosis, ketonuria was associated with ketonaemia, less for hypoglycaemia and acidduria, the least for serum transaminases, sodium and potassium, in addition to slight reduction of milk production without apparent physical disturbance. While in ketotic cows ketonuria was highly correlated to aciduria, hyperketonaemia, hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia together with elevation of serum transaminases, as well as severe drop of milk production and appearance of clinical symptoms. The urine concentration of blood, urobilinogen, bilirubin, protein, nitrite and glucose was negative in the three groups. It could be concluded that the "combi nine test" is a simple and reliable diagnostic tool for sub, and clinical ketosis and must be supported by analytical data concerning ketone bodies, glucose, sodium, potassium and transaminases of serum, however, false positive ketonuria only can contribute to overfeeding or underfeeding in healthy cows of the large dairy herd