Factors affecting livestoek production and productive constraints in the southern African countries and possible solution

Scientific observation during continuous visits and thorough discussion were recorded and discussed, in particular to the productive and reproductive constrains of livestock in the regional Southern African countries, taking Zambia as a model. Seven factors affecting the constrains, i.e. genetic, environment, nutritional, management, health, social and economic factors were discussed in details

Source and breed variations in semen quality of southern African bulls

Two successive semen ejaculates were collected from 62 Angoni, 28 Barotse and 45 Tonga from the traditional sector as well as 29 Afrikander, 58 Boran, 49 Friesian, 21 Sussex and 67 Crossbred bulls from commercial sector, using the elector-ejaculator technique. Evaluation of semen volume, pH, mass activity and percentage of individual motility, liver sperms and semen abnormalities as well as spermatozoal concentration and methylene blue reduction test proved a highly statistically difference [P <0.01] for frequency of ejaculation breed and source of management. Angoni and Boran bulls had the best results in traditional and commercial breeds, respectively