RESUMO
The serratus anterior flap become a favorite option for small wounds of the distal limb or composite and large defects in association with flaps of the subscapular system based on the subscapular-thoracodorsal vascular pedicle. The lower serratus anterior flap is ideal for reconstruction of small to moderate-sized defects because of its flat and broad dimensions. The serratus anterior flap can be used with varying composition of tissue ranging from fascia only, to adiposofascial, to muscle, to muscle with bone in the form of either underlying rib, or in conjunction with a scapular bone flap. There are some variations in the branching patterns of the axillary artery. Such variations are significant in the diagnostic or therapeutic invasive procedures carried out on the axillary artery. The aim of this anatomic study was to examine the neurovascular supply of the serratus anterior muscle in cadaveric specimens, describe their typical anatomy and possible variations, and to identify their different measurements. Fourteen axillary regions of seven formalin-fixed cadavers were dissected. Specimens were measured for the origin, lengths, and external diameters of the subscapular, thoracodorsal arteries, and their serratus anterior branches. All branches of the serratus artery were documented for location, diameter and which slips they served. Also, nerve dimensions [length, diameter and which slips they served] were measured. In-addition, muscle slip length, muscle slip width and thickness at its origin were measured. In all dissected specimens at least one serratus anterior branch was observed. Four branching patterns were observed. In five specimens [35.7%], it was a unique branch; in six specimens [42.9%], there were two branches; in two specimens [14.3%], there were three branches and in one specimen four branches were observed [7.1]. The results of this study provide an anatomic framework to improve current reconstructive procedures on the serratus anterior neurovascular structures
Assuntos
Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Autopsia , Dissecação , Axila , CadáverRESUMO
The multiple complains of pain resulting from intervertebral disc prolapse or osteoarthritic knee joint is one of the most significant neurosurgical and orthopaedic disorders in industrialized society. The exact relationship between calcium phosphate crystal deposition and these diseases remains obscure, although there is evidence supporting a rapid degenerative arthropathy within a specific set of patients. Several basic calcium phosphate crystals have been reported to be associated with osteoarthritis joint diseases as well as in lumbar disc prolapse patients. To compare the presence and characters of calcium phosphate crystals in normal and osteoarthritic human articular knee cartilages as well as in degenerated disc patients. Five normal articular knee cartilages and intervertebral discs were taken from human cadavers at the dissection room, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University. Osteoarthritic articular cartilage, and disc prolapse, fifteen specimens each, were obtained from Saudi German, Madinah National Hospitals; and Alexandria University Hospital respectively. Specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy, and electron probe x-ray microanalysis. No crystals could be detected at the light microscopic level. By electron microscopy, crystals were detected in cartilages from all pathological sites sampled. Few or no crystals were observed in normal articular knee cartilages and intervertebral discs. Coexistence of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and cuboid calcium phosphate crystals was seen in all cases. Identification was based on the distinctive morphology, size range and XRMA spectrum. The results of this research confirmed the density of calcium phosphate and pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals in osteoarthritic cartilage, and degenerated disc that may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic approach to osteoarthritis and disc prolapse patients