Permethrin-induced oxidative damage in liver of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss] and its attenuation by vitamin C

The objective of this study was to investigate the propensity of permethrin [PTN] to induce oxidative stress and changes in enzyme activities in liver of rainbow trout and its possible attenuation by vitamin C. Forty-eight fish were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatment groups and their livers were used for liver perfusion method: control [0 microgL-1 permethrin and 0 mgL-1 vitamin C], PTN-0.16 [0.16 microgL-1 permethrin], PTN-0.32 [0.32 microgL-1 permethrin], PTN-0.64 [0.64 microgL-1 permethrin], Vit. C [17.2 mgL-1 vitamin C], and PTN-0.64 + Vit. C [0.64 microgL-1 permethrin and 17.2 mgL-1 vitamin C]. Results obtained showed that permethrin significantly [P<0.05] increased ALT, AST and LDH activities in the liver perfusion medium and malondialdehyde [MDA] level in liver tissue. The values of reduced glutathione [GSH] and total antioxidant capacity [FRAP] in the liver tissue were significantly decreased due to permethrin administration. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between MDA concentration and ALT, AST and LDH activities in the permethrin groups, suggesting that the enhanced lipid peroxidation may be linked to hepatic damage caused by permethrin. On the other hand, treatment with vitamin C in the PTN-0.64 + Vit. C group increased the values of GSH and FRAP, and decreased the level of MDA and the activities of hepatic enzymes, when compared to the PTN-0.64 group. The present study revealed that vitamin C could ameliorate permethrin-induced oxidative damage by decreasing lipid peroxidation and altering antioxidant defense system in liver of rainbow trout

Blood and tissue levels of diazinon in rabbit following a subacute dermal exposure to incremental doses

Uncontrolled application of diazinon [DZN] can cause environmental contamination and adverse health effects on humans or animals. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects and the level of DZN in serum and tissues of rabbits following a sub acute dermal exposure to toxicant. Different doses of DZN were applied daily to New Zealand rabbits through the ear skin in incremental doses for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of each dose-week period. Tissue samples were collected from brain, muscle, kidney and liver on day 28, after euthanizing the rabbits. DZN contents of the blood and tissue samples were measured using a reversed phase HPLC system. Clinical observations indicated signs of toxicity in the animals exposed to DZN as shown by diarrhea and body weight loss from day twenty. The level of DZN in the blood elevated with enhancing exposure time and reached the highest level at the end of the fourth week [0.620 +/- 0.26ppm]. The highest level of DZN was found in the brain tissue [0341 +/- 0.015 ppm]. The results of this study revealed the tissue accumulation and subsequent toxic effects of DZN following the subacute dermal exposure to the toxicant. It suggests that the determination of the toxicant level in the serum or tissue can be a monitoring method for the detection of the contamination rate

Transcriptional effects of metal ions on the bovine oxytocin and the thymidine kinase-ERE promoter through the estrogen receptor alpha in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line

Some of metal ions as environmental pollutants show estrogenic activity. This xenostrogenic compounds can be caused carcinogenicity in organs. The mechanism of carcinogenicity of metal ions is not clarified. In this study, we investigated the Transcriptional effects of variety of metal ions on the bovine oxytocin and the thymidine kinase-ERE promoter by estrogen receptor alpha in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line. Cells were plated into flask [75cm[2]] at 1.3 density or into 12- well plates [Nunc] at a density of 100000 cells per well and were transfected with a total of 3 micro g of plasmid DNA using calcium phosphate coprecipitation. Oestrogen and some metal ions were used for stimulation of transfected cells. Our results showed that copper and cadmium ions activating specifically the oxytocin promoter, and cobalt and possibly, mercury ions activating specifically the ERE-controlled promoter and the majority of the ions did not affect transcriptional activation significantly. The study revealed that some metal ions show estrogenic activity by classical or non-classical mechanisms as well as some metal ions exhibit estrogenic activity by undetermined mechanisms in transfected MDA-MB 231 cell line

Influence of permethrin and cypermethrin on behavior in the mouse

Permethrin and Cypermethrin are synthetic pyrethroids, belonging to a group of insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and high insecticidal activity. The present study evaluated sub-acute toxicity of dermally administrated permethrin and cypermethrin in mice. Behavioral examination included assessments of lethality, weight gain, grooming, analgesymetry, anxiety, grasping, motor activity, and despair in response to inescapable swim stress. The study was conducted on 70 adult male mice, which were exposed dermally via the whole tail zone for 10 s once daily for 28 consecutive days at concentrations of 0%, 0.1%,, 1% and 10% of each compound. No significant changes were observed in body weight gain, grooming behavior or pain sensation among the treated and control groups. However, the following effects were observed in the experimental groups: a tendency towards increased motor activity compared to controls [47% in P0.1% group, P = 0.025], a tendency to lose grasping faster than controls [48% and 40% decreased in P10% and C1% groups, respectively, [P < 0.05], shorter stay in the long arms and longer stay in the short arms on the elevated plus maze task compared to controls [up to 84% difference, P < 0.05], and failure in terms of floating on the inescapable swim stress task [500% and 900% increase in interruption times in the P10% and C10% groups, respectively, P < 0.05]. In conclusion, upon long-term dermal exposure, synthetic pyrethroids may lead to increased motor activity, decreased grasping tendency and/or ability, increased apathy, and increased despair in the mouse animal model

[Effects of policosanol on cholesterol, lipoproteins and athrom plaques in male rabbits]

Policosanol is a component from main alcohol groups with long-chain which is extracted from cane sugar. In the present study, we investigated the effect of policosanol on atherosclerosis some of its biochemical risk factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. 24 male rabbits of New Zealand race with average weight of 1750gr were divided in to 4 group: control group[n=6] had normal diet, Sham and experimental group no.1 and no.2[n=6] had high cholesterol [2%] diet, and they received placebo and policosanol with doses of 0.25 and 0.5mg respectively, every day. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood samples were obtained and cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C were measured. For histological studies part of aorta was dissected and fixed in formalin%10. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by variance analysis. The results showed that in experimental group no.1 there was significant decrease in the rate of cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride [P<0.05], and significant increase in HDL-C [P<0.05] compared with those of control group. Also in experimental group no.2 there was a significant decrease in cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride [P<0.01] in the rate of cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride, and significant increase [P<0.01], and significant increase in HDL-C [P<0.01] compared with those of control group. Histological investigations showed treatment by policosanol in experimental group no.1 and no.2 could prevent atheroma plaque formation. policosanol can be an effective component in decreasing cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride and increasing HDL-C, leading to prevention of atheroma plaque formation

pretreatment effects of pentoxifylline on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative damage in perfused rat liver

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of pentoxifylline [PTX] against aflatoxin Bl [AFB1] exposure in perfused rat livers by evaluating damage marker enzymes, antioxidant defense systems [glutathione, GSH] and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde, MDA]. Sixteen rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups: control, PTX, AFB1 and AFB1 + PTX. Rats in the control group were infused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Rats in the AFB1 -treated group received approximately 1 ppm and the PTX- treated group received 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally 24 h before surgery. Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased by AFB 1 and decreased by PTX. PTX also ameliorated the increased concentration of MDA caused by AFB1. PTX did not compensate for the decrease in GSH caused by AFB 1. These results imply that PTX has an antioxidant effect by inhibiting free radicals, and prior treatment with PTX ameliorates the effects of AFB 1 -induced lipid peroxidation but does not compensate GSH depots

Cloning and high level expression of bovine interferon gamma gene in eukaryotic cells [COS-7]

Interferon gamma [IFN-gamma] is one of the key cytokines in defining T helper 1 lymphocyte immune responses. In this study, the bovine IFN-gamma gene was cloned from spleen tissue RNA using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]. IFN-gamma cDNA was sub-cloned and expressed in mammalian expression plasmid [pcDNA3.1[+]] under the control of the human cytomegalovirus [CMV] promoter. The predicted amino acid [aa] sequence of bovine IFN-gamma compared with corresponding known sequence from bovine [Bos taurus] was 100% identity and with ovine, caprine, camel, lama, equine, canine, feline, human, mice and chicken cytokine was 95, 95, 86, 83, 77, 75, 75, 61, 44 and 35%, respectively. Invitro expression of recombinant bovine IFN-gamma [rBoIFN-gamma] and secretion to culture medium was confirmed by ELISA test. Maximum expression of rBoIFN-gamma occurred at 96 and 144 h after transfection in COS-7 cells. These results showed that pcDNA3.1 expression vector and COS-7 cells transfected by diethylaminoethyl [DEAE]-dextran allowed the high level expression of bovine IFN-gamma gene and the release of protein in supernatant of cell culture