survey of tuberculosis patients in Yazd and Shiraz

Although many activities have been done to control tuberculosis in Iran but unfortunately, tuberculosis is an important public health problem in Iran like many other developing countries. In this study, tuberculosis patients who had, for their diseases, file to be recorded were evaluated in Yazd and Shiraz at the same time. This cross-sectional study was case series conducted in Yazd and Shiraz at the same time, and all the pulmonary tuberculosis patients who had file to be recorded entered into the study. We used questionnaire which recorded the patient's age,sex, occupation, nationality, smear and culture results, ESR and TB location. Totally, 136 pulmonary tuberculosis case records [32 in Yazd, 104 in Shiraz] were evaluated. Most of the patients were 51-75 years old in Yazd and 26-50 years old in Shiraz [P-value = 0.00]. Of the patients, 52.9% in Yazd were female and 63.7% in Shiraz were male [P-value =0.02]. Positive smear rate in Yazd was 68.7% and in Shiraz 69.2%. Twenty three and half percent of tuberculosis patients in Yazd and 40.8% in Shiraz were Afghan and others were Iranian [P-value =0.01]. About ESR, there was no significant difference in both sexes. Finally in both cities, 59.5% of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis and 40.8% extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The most common location of extra pulmonary tuberculosis was respectively lymph node, bone, and pleura. The rate of positive and negative smear of pulmonary tuberculosis is near the expectancy of WHO [70%], but extra pulmonary tuberculosis was more than expectancy so we suggest that diagnosis indices of extra pulmonary tuberculosis should be more considered

[Effects of Dopamine administration on anxiety in male rat]

Anxiety is a common disease in the society. Several neurotransmitters. The aim of this study was to investigate indirect effect of dopamine on anxiety in rat. In this experimental study, eight male rats were divided into control and experimental groups. The control group received saline and the tested groups received different IP doses of drugs haloperidol [dopamine receptor antagonist], SKF38393 [dopamineD1 receptor agonist] and quinpirol [dopamine D2receptor agonist]. For studying of anxiety-like and antianxiety effects Vogels conflict test and Elevate plus-maze [EP-M] test were used. Injection of different doses of haloperidol in rats could increase the number of times of passing through place of received shock by apparatus in comparison with control group in Vogels test. In EP-M test, injection of 0.04 mg/kg of haloperidol increased the number of entrance to open arm and time spent on arm comparing to the control group. Quinpirol diminished the number of times of passing through place of receiving shock in comparison with control group in Vogels test. In EP-M test in dose 1 mg/kg number of entrance to open arm and the time spent on arm decreased comparing to the control group. The findings of this study showed that by increasing the doses of haloperidol, the effect of this antagonist has been significant and diminished anxiety. The SKF38393 and Quinpirol by occupying their own dopamine receptor D1, D2 had an effect like endogenous dopamine and made the rats anxious

[ effect of renin-angiotensin system on morphine tendency in Rats]

The mechanism of drug dependence and tolerance have not been known exactly and several neurotransmitters are involved. The rennin angiotensin system can be effective on reward system and can be interacted wiith different neurotransmitters in the brain. It is possible that the rennin angiotensin system have interaction with opioid system because it has been shown that angiotensin II and ACE inhibitors have analgesic, anticonvulsant and antidepression effects and in some cases they could antagonize morphine effect. In the present study the effect of angiotensin II and captopril on morphine self administration was evaluated in rats. Male wistar rats [250-300 gr] were used. First they have trained to receive small pellets with pressing active lever in self administration apparatus. Then jugular vein was canullated and an stainless style cannula was inserted in the brain right ventricle and fixed with dental sement. after recovery the animals were placed in the self administration apparatus for 11 days and 2 hours in a day. [The first 6 days were with food restriction and the later 5 days were without food rectriction]. The animals received 0.1 ml of morphine and small pellets in first 6 days and only 0.1 ml of morphine in the later 5 days with pressing active lever. the animals received no food morphine with pressing the passive lever. Finally the number of active and passible lever pressing in each group and the number of active pressing among different groups was compared which had been recorded by computer. number of active passive level pressed was significantly different in morphine group [p< 0.01, p< 0.001]. Number of active level pressed in morphine group was significantly higher than that saline group in the final three days [p< 0.05, p<0.001]. In captopril group there was not significant difference between active and passive lever pressed number in the last 5 days and number of active lever pressed was significantly lower than that morphine group [p< 0.05, p< 0.001]. Angiotensin II could not cause any significant change in the number of lever pressed, With consideration that captopril can reduce endogenous opioid degradation it probably could reduce morphine tendency in this way. In The other hand captopril can interact with dopamine, serotonin, substance p, acetylcholine or nitric oxide in the different brain regions and morphine tendence that it needs more investigations

[ effect of physical activity on spontaneous electroencephalographic activity in rat]

Exercise and physical activity are important factors for human health. It has been reported that exercise can be considerably useful in the treatment of psychological diseases. In the present study the effect of running on Spontaneous electroencephalographic activity [EEG] of rats was investigated. Male wistar rats weighting 190-250 gr were selected and divided into control and exercise groups. The animals of exercise group were run on treadmill [I hour a day] for duration of two weeks. Then the animals in both groups were anesthetized with urethane and EEGs of them were recorded. In the exercise group alpha, beta and theta waves significantly increased and delta waves deceased in comparison to the control group. In the present study high frequency- low voltage waves increased and low frequency-high voltage waves decreased in the exercise group. This provides further support to the earlier supposition that increase in high frequency- low voltage waves represent promotion of consciousness. It seems that exercise could increase alertness

[Blood level anti-HBS due to HB vaccine in health care personnel of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital-Yazd]

Objective: about 3% of the Iranian general population are carriers of hepatitis B virus, and about 15% of infected persons will be prone to chronic hepatitis and get cirrhosis and liver carcinoma. Up to now no therapeutic regimen has been introduced to eradicate completely this infection

Material and Method: this cross-sectional study was performed on 204 health care personnel of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital [Yazd]. At first, a questionnaire including information about sex, age, vaccination, etc was completed. Anti-HBs were examined by Radim [ELISA method]

Results: from 204 subjects, 162 persons were female. The mean age of studied cases was 32.38 +/- 8.86 years. The mean titer of anti-HBs was 255.2+/- 300.6 mlU/ml, and with consideration of Anti-HBs = 10 mlU/ml as a cut-off value, 88.8% of subjects were immunized against hepatitis B

Conclusion: according to the results and decrease of immunity in health care personnel after years, it is suggested that the Anti-HBs titer should be examined one month after vaccination and be controlled every 5-10 years, and then booster vaccine be injected after reducing Anti-HBs titer to below protective level

[ comparasion study of the serum level of immunoglobulins in addicted to opium subjects and their extract with non-addicated healthy]

Addiction threatens the foundation of society and families. Addiction also causes a lot of material and spritual losses. The addicted people are suceptible to infections with low resistance against disease. The aim of this project is to investigate the immunoglobin serum level in the opium addicted and compare it with people whome addict to anything including cigarette. In this study 5 cc of blood was taken from each of 150 addicts and 150 healthy people of the same age and sex. Their blood serums were then seperated and their immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A were determined by SRID method Mean SD of IgM in healthy and addicted subjects were 123 +/- 32.85 mg/dl and 109.5 +/- 47.28 mg/dl, respectively [P<0.05]. Mean +/- SD of IgG in healthy and addicted subjects were 1008 +/- 354.38 mg/dl and 1307.2 +/- 291.07 mg/dl respectively [P<0.05]. We conclude that the average amounts of IgG, IgM are lower significantly in addict's compare to healthy results from the other studies in other countries has a good correlation with the finding from present research

Efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B Vaccine in children

This study was carried out to determine the serum concentrations of anti-hepatitis B virus antibody [Anti-HBs] in 1-4 years old being vaccinated against hepatitis B. By drawing 2ml of venous blood from 175 children admitted for unrelated reasons to Yazd central medical laboratory and using a 3rd -generation ELISA test, the serum level of anti-HBs was quantitated. A questionnaire was used for obtaining data about age, sex, birth weight, current weight, schedule of previous hepatitis B vaccination, history of pathologic neonatal jaundice, and any serious health problem during childhood. In 170 of the cases [97.1%] the Anti-HBs concentration was above 10m IU/mL, routinely regarded as protective. No significant difference was observed concerning the various ages of subjects and their sexes, but anti-HBs levels were meaningfully lower in low-birth weight neonates [P-value<0.01], in children with history of pathologic neonatal jaundice [P-value =0.002] and in those having a previous serious disease [P-value=0.006]. The overall efficacy of vaccine is good, but in children who had had low-birth weight, pathologic neonatal jaundice, or any serious disease, careful follow-up must be carried out to ensure that protective levels of Anti-HBs are achieved after vaccination