[Correlation between transition difficulty to parenthood and marital satisfaction and its comparison in women with first and second child]

Introduction: The birth of first child is a special course for couples and due to the various challenges faced by the couples in this period the marital satisfaction in couples may reduce. However there is a different potential in couples on how to respond to these changes and in order to determine changes and marital relationship vulnerability in new parents, this study was carried out to determine Correlation between transition difficulty to parenthood and marital satisfaction and its comparison in women with first and second child

Methods: This correlation study was carried out in 120 women, 60 women with first child and 60 other women with two or more children in 2013. Inclusion criteria were: children and women with mental and physical health, age of children between 6 weeks through 6 months. Instruments include: standard transition difficulty to parenthood scale, demographics and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics [Mann-Whitney test and Pearson and Spearman correlation] and SPSS [version 16]

Results: The mean age was 30.49 +/- 5.28 year and 75 women [62.5%] had academic education. The results showed no significant difference between two groups in difficult transition to parenthood [p=0.86]. Marital satisfaction was not significantly different between two groups [p=0.69]. There was an inverse association between transition difficulty to parenthood and marital satisfaction [p<0.001, r=-0.53]

Conclusion: According the results, it is necessary to pay attention to the importance of marital satisfaction and probability changes of couples' relationships during transition to parenthood; parents should be aware about it and to remind them these changes were transient and normal; also they should be taught how to manage it

Contamination of a dental unit water line system by Legionella Pneumophila in the Mashhad school of dentistry in 2009

Dental unit waterline system is considered potential source for contamination with Legionella species. The aim of this study was to determine if contamination of a dental unit water line system by Legionella pneumophila serogroup1 in the Mashhad School of Dentistry occurred in 2009. A total of 52 dental units were selected from all clinical departments of the Mashhad School of Dentistry. Samples of water were collected from outlets of water/air spray, high-speed dental hand pieces and water cup fillers. Samples were tested via the ELISA method. At the beginning of the work day, a total of 36.1 percent of dental units were contaminated by Le-gionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Infection control of the dental unit water line system regarding legionella in the Mashhad School of Dentistry is a challenge and engineering controls should be used in contaminated clinics

comparison of pain intensity and anxiety during bone marrow biopsy under general anesthesia or local anesthesia in children with acute leukemia

Background: In recent years, the need to decrease pain and anxiety in patients with acute leukemia during invasive diagnostic and therapeutic measures has been emphasized. This study was performed with the aim of evaluating pain and discomfort caused by bone marrow aspiration under general anesthesia compared with local anesthesia

Materials and Methods: This cohort study was performed on 239 patients with acute leukemia under 18 years of age admitted to Dr. Sheikh Hospital in Mashhad during two years

Children undergoing bone marrow aspiration with either general anesthesia with propofol or local anesthesia with lidocaine were compared in terms of pain intensity [Visual Analogue Scale], resistance to procedure, and the fear and anxiety during aspiration. Results were evaluated with SPSS software version 16 using t test and chi-squared test

Results: Among the 135 patients who were under general anesthesia, 20.1% showed a slight resistance to apply the anesthesia mask. The least amounts of pain, fear, and anxiety were reported. Among the 104 patients under local anesthesia, 80.2% had physical resistance, 44.4% had severe and very severe pain, and 86.1% showed intense fear and anxiety. In the general anesthesia group, physical resistance [p=0.01], pain [p=0.01], and fear and anxiety [p<0.005] were significantly lower than in the local anesthesia group

Conclusion: In bone marrow aspiration, general anesthesia is more acceptable to children and their parents than local anesthesia. This method can greatly reduce pain, resistance, and fear caused by the aggressive actions during bone marrow aspiration in children

causes for lack of interest to blood donation in eligible individuals, Mashhad, northeastern Iran

Donor recruitment and retention are significant problems in blood collection agencies around the world. The Aim of this study was to determine the causes of lack of interest to blood donation in eligible individuals in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. This was a descriptive study. Cases were 1130 non-donor individuals. Participants were selected from eligible individuals in different regions of Mashhad. In this study, surveys included information about age groups, gender, residence area, marriage, education; living situation and job as background variables. Less than 30% of the cases had enough knowledge about blood donation. There was a significant relationship between location, age, education, occupation and social status with knowledge of blood donation, but there was not a correlation between gender and marital status. There are some factors which affect the decision for blood donation. There is a need to change the negative attitude by increasing the knowledge considering the individual and the social status

Association between malnutrition and depression in elderly people in Razavi Khorasan: a population based-study in Iran

To determine the prevalence of malnutrition and depression in free-living elderly people and their relationships [If any] in Razavi Khorasan, Iran 2007. To evaluate nutritional status, we used Mini Nutritional Assessment [MNA] method in free-living elderly people [n=1565 using cluster sampling, 720 males and 845 females, aged>/= 60 yr] and their relationship to Socio Economic Conditions [SECs]. Based on the final scores, our patients were classified into three groups: score 17-23.5 [at risk for malnutrition], score less than 17 [with malnutrition], and score 24-30 [well nourished]. To determine the mood status [here depression], we used Geriatric Depression Score [GDS]. According to this score our participants turned out to be in two distinct groups: depressed [score >/=8] and non-depressed [score< 8]. From the total subjects entered the study [1495], 22.07% were depressed and 11.5% and 44% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition respectively. In depressed group, the prevalence of malnutrition was 14.5% [48 out of 330] and the prevalence of "at risk of malnutrition" was 45.8%, whereas the prevalence of malnutrition and at risk of malnutrition in non-depressed population were 10.6% and 43.3% respectively. From the aforementioned information we have concluded that there is a significant statistical difference between the prevalence of malnutrition in depressed and non-depressed individuals [P= 0.047]. With respect to the high rate of vegetative symptoms in elderly depressed individuals, malnutrition would have a higher prevalence in the depressed people

[Histological evaluation of micro implant-bone interface following immediate versus delayed loading in a dog's mandibular bone]

Skeletal anchorage devices such as microimplants are successful attempts to have absolute anchorage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate and delayed orthodontic loading on maxillary and mandibular microimplants regarding histologic responses and bone implant contact [BIC] in a dog. Thirthy-two microimplants [Abso Anchor] were bilaterally placed in the mandibular premolar regions of four adult male dogs. The microimplants were divided into loaded and unloaded [control] groups. The control group had two subgroups of 4 and 8 weeks and the loaded group comprised two subgroups of immediate and delayed [after 4 weeks healing period] loading. Loaded samples were subjected to 200g load provided by Ni-Ti coil spring for 4 weeks. The decalcified specimens were prepared for histological examination under light microscope. The microimplants' surrounding tissue was observed histologically and the bone implant contact [BIC] percentage was calculated in each sample. Three way ANOVA was used to compare BICs in different groups. Mobility was detected in two mandibular microimplants, so the survival rate was calculated as 93.7%. BIC values were not significantly different between loaded and unloaded groups, and between immediate and delayed loaded groups. Immediate or delayed loading of microimplants does not load to significant difference in the bone-microimplant contact

effect of maternal selenium supplementation on pregnancy outcome and the level of oxidative stress in neonates

Pregnancy is regarded as a condition which is usually accompanied by oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of maternal selenium supplementation during gestation on the level of oxidative stress in neonates and the pregnancy outcome. In this double-blind trial, 179 primigravid pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy were randomly assigned to receive 100 micro g of selenium [Se group] or a placebo [control group] per day until delivery. The level of oxidative stress and serum selenium concentration was determined in the maternal and umblical cord sera of the subjects. Oxidative stress was measured by means of a novel assay of prooxidant-antioxidant balance [PAB]. The incidence of any pregnancy complications and outcomes was also evaluated in all neonates, being fully examined and followed up until 45 days. Although maternal selenium concentration was significantly higher in the Se group [p<0.001], there was no statistically significant differences in the umblical cord selenium content between the two groups. Selenium supplementation was not associated with any significant decrease in PAB values in the Se group. The incidence of neonatal complications and outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. Maternal selenium supplementation during pregnancy was safe but was not associated with a significant change in the extent of oxidative stress in neonates

[Evaluation of Adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry]

Salivary gland tumors classification continuously undergoes alternations, especially in the recent years. This study used immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing between polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma [PLGA] and adenocarcinoma carcinoma [AdCC] which have several overlapping histological and clinical features. Ten AdCC and eight PLGA with five normal minor salivary glands were selected after review by two oral pathologists. LSAB method was used for seven markers: carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, muscle specific actin, vimentin, S 100, P53 and Ki-67. Finally, the data were analyzed by Mann-Whiteny test. Analysis of data showed a high expression of CEA, EMA and Ki-67 in AdCC compared to PLGA. Although, CEA [P<0.001] expression was limited to luminal cells .In contrast, MSA [P=0.034] expression in nonluminal cells, and Ki-67 [P<0.001] occurred in both luminal and nonluminal cells. Also there was highly expression of vimentin and S-100 in PLGA with no significancy for EMA and Tp53. The result of this study suggests that ICH can be a helpful tool. The immunostaining of AdCC and PLGA with CEA, Vimentin and Ki-67 were of greater significant, S-100 and MSA were less significant and the others [EMA and P53] could not offer an adjunctive aid in differential diagnosis between the two tumors

[Study of Her2/neu protein over expression frequency and its relationship with grade, stage in patients with non metatstatic transitional cell carcinoma and disease free survival]

HER2 over-expression has been identified in a variety of malignant tumors including bladder transitional carcinoma. In some researches H.ER2 was detected in 10%-50% of muscle invasive bladder cancers. In this study we evaluated the correlation between HER2 over-expression and pathological characteristics as well as its impact on the disease free survival [DFS] of patients with non-metastatic bladder transitional carcinoma. Study of Her2/neu Protein over Expression Frequency and its Relationship with Grade, Stage in Patients with Non Metatstatic Transitional Cell Carcinoma and Disease Free Survival. In this retrospective cohort study, paraffin-embedded specimens from 50 patients with non-metastatic bladder transitional cell carcinoma, referred to Omid hospital from 2003 to 2007, were examined immunohistochemically for HER-2/neu over-expression. The specimens were also reviewed for tumor grade. The patients with superficial tumors underwent TURBT and a full course of intravesical BCG therapy and cases with muscle invasive tumor received cisplatin based chemoradiation. There were 27 [54%] high grade and 23 low grade tumors. The specimens stained for HER-2 over-expression as follow: 11 as Zero, 11 as 1+, 13 as 2+ and 15 as 3+. The T stages of Tis, T1, T2 and T3 were detected in 14, 19, 10, and 7 cases respectively. The frequency of strong positive HER-2 tumors [3+] was significantly higher among patients with muscle invasive tumors compared to those with superficial lesions [58.8% vs. 15.2%, p<0.001]. There was also a relatively significant association between strong positive HER-2 expression and high grade tumors [43.5% vs. 18.5% p= 0.055]. The Median follow up time was 14 months [range, 4-52 months] during which 17 cases [34%] experienced recurrence [12 local, 3 bones and 2 lungs]. For all patients 3-year DFS was 62.7% +/- 7.4% which was significantly better for cases with superficial tumors than patients with muscle invasive tumors [78.1% vs. 19.5%, p=0.005]. In patients with strong positive HER-2 expression tumors, DFS was significantly lower compared to the other cases [3-year DFS: 19.4% vs. 80%, p<0.001]. No significant difference in DFS was found between high grade and low grade tumors [3-DFS: 53.9% vs. 70%, p=0.20]. In This study, strong HER-2 over-expression [3+] was significantly associated with higher T stages as well as high grade tumors. In addition to T stage, strong HER-2 over-expression was a significant predictor of lower disease free survival

use of protein to creatinin ratio in random urine sample for prediction of proteinuria in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 17% of pregnancies, unknown etiology. The gold standard method for assessment of protein excreted in the urine to diagnose preeclampsia is a 24- h urine collection. However, this method is cumbersome and time consuming for the patient and laboratory. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of protein to creatinin ratio in random urine sample for prediction of proteinuria in preeclampsia. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. This study was performed on 150 pregnant women who were hospitalized as preeclampsia in Ghaem Hospital during early 2006. At first, a random urine sample was collected for each patient to determine protein/creatinine ratio. Then, 24-h urine collection was analyzed for the measurement of proteinuria. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient for evaluation of the results. A total of 150 patients were entered the study. There was a significant relation between the 24-h urine protein and protein to creatinine ratio [r=0.659, P<0.001]. The use of e protein-to-creatinin ratio in random urine sample is a suitable replacement for the measurement of 24-h urine protein. This method is quick, reliable and cost effectiveness

[Effect of mouth breathing etiologies on craniofacial morphology]

Nasal septal deviation and hypertrophy of the adenoids and palatine tonsils are the two common causes of nasopharyngeal obstruction and resulting mouth breathing in children. It is accepted that chronic mouth breathing influences craniofacial growth and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences of craniofacial morphology in children with two different etiological factors of mouth breathing. In this cross sectional study we studied 47 patients aged 6-10 years with predominant mouth breathing during 2005-2007. After otorhinolaryngologic examination, patients were divided into two groups based on the etiology of nasopharyngeal obstruction: group 1 with adenoid hypertrophy and group 2 with nasal septal deviation. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained to assess craniofacial development. For statistical analysis Mann-Whitney and T-student tests were used. With respect to the inclination of the mandibular and palatal planes, anteroposterior relationship of maxilla and mandible to the cranial base, and indexes of facial height proportions, no significant difference was observed between two groups of children with mouth breathing. Only the gonial and craniocervical angle measurements were significantly larger in children with adenoid hypertrophy [P<0.05]. The present study did not show any significant morphological differences between children with adenoid hypertrophy and those with nasal septal deviation. Mouth breathing seems to have a similar effect on craniofacial morphology irrespective of its etiology. Prospective studies with larger samples including older children are suggested

[Thyroid dysfunction in perimenopausal women]

There are mild changes in Hypothalamous - pituitary -thyroid axis with aging that may be accompanied with thyroid dysfunctions without clinical manifestation. The aim of this study is evaluation thyroid dysfunction in perimenopausal women. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed on 100 women at the age of 40-60yr, who had referred to Gynecology and Menopausal clinic of Ghaem hospital, Mashhad University in 2005. At first, a questionnaire including clinical symptoms was completed, then patients were submitted to laboratory tests including T3, T4, T3 RU, TSH, TG [triglyceride], HDL-cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The information was analyzed by chi2 and fisher exact tests. [P

Reliability of Persian early computed tomography score in patients with brain infarction

The one-third middle cerebral artery [1/3 MCA] method and Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score [ASPECTS] were used to detect significant early ischemic changes on brain computed tomography [CT] of patients with acute stroke. We designed the Persian Early CT Score [PECTS] and compared it with the above systems. The tomograms were chosen from the stroke data bank of Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, in 2008. The inclusion criteria were the presence of MCA territory infarction and performance of CT within 6 hours after stroke onset. Axial CTs were performed on a third-generation CT scanner [Siemens, ARTX, Germany]. Section thickness above posterior fossa was 10 mm [130 kV, 150 mAs]. Films were made at window level 35 HU. The brain CTs were scored by four independent radiologists based on the ASPECTS, 1/3 MCA method, and PECTS. The readers were blinded to the clinical information except the symptom side. Cochrane Q and Kappa tests were used for statistical analysis. Twenty four CT scans with sufficient quality were available. The difference in distribution of dichotomized 7 ASPECT scores between the four raters was significant; Q=13.071, df=3, P=0.04. The difference in distribution of dichotomized >1/3 and

Hearing loss in 7 to 11 years old school boys of Mashhad without recognized ear problems: 2006

The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of hearing impairments and its associations with different ear problems among schoolboys in Mashhad, Iran. In this cross sectional research, a representative sample of 1047 schoolboys [between age group 7 to 11 years] was subjected to diapason tests, Otoscopic examination and questionnaire. Then in the next step, suspected cases were visited by an Ear, Nose and Throat [ENT] specialist and subjected to Pure Tone Audiometry [PTA]. Data analysis identified 29 children with hearing impairment [72.1% mild, 20.9% moderate, and 2.3% severe and4.7% profound] making a prevalence of 2.76% [60.4% conductive, 27.9% sensorineural and 11.7% mixed hearing impairment].Data analysis revealed ear problems with the following prevalence's: ear wax [13.7%], otalgia [11%], ear trauma [5.3%] and ear washing [3.6%]. The prevalence of hearing impairment was comparable to that in developed countries, but was better than that in developing countries

[Categorize auditory performance in 53 cases using cochlear implants]

The aim of this study is determine the auditory performance of congenitally deaf children following cochlear implantation and comparisons of auditory performance before and after cochlear implantation. This is a prospective study of 53 children having been implanted in khorasan center, and followed for 5 years. All children are aged less than 8 years at the time of implantation the mean of age at implantation is 42 months. Auditory performance is assessed by using the Categories of Auditory Performance scale [CAP]. Prelingually deaf children showed significant improvement in the auditory performance with implant experience. Six-month after implantation 91% of children could rassed to speech sound 96% could discriminate speech sounds at the 12 month interval. 80% of children who reaches the three year interval could understand common phrases without lip reading. These results indicate the ability of cochlear implants to provide significant auditory skills for young congenital deaf children

Comparison of antiphospholipid between preeclampsia and normal pregnant women

Antiphospholipid antibodies [APLA] may be detected in normal pregnancies and also may cause thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss, placental infarction and preeclampsia. In the present study the possible differences in APLA titer between healthy pregnant women and preeclampsia cases without history of thrombosis was examined. The APLA titer in 50 healthy pregnant women with 50 preeclampsia cases without the history of thrombosis and autoimmune disease was compared. Preeclampcia is defined as hypertension =/>140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of gestation and proteinuria > 300mg/24h. IgG and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies were measured by immunoassay methods and Teclot kits for lupus-like anticoagulant antibodies were used. In normal pregnant women, 6% had lupus-like anticoagulant antibody, 12% had IgG anticardiolipin antibody, and 26% had IgM anticardiolipid antibodies. In preeclapsia, 8% lupus-like anticoagulant antibody, 4% had IgG anticardiolipin antibody, and 30% had IgM anticardiolipid antibodies. Despite the evidence of prothrombotic state during preeclampsia, it is unlikely that antiphospholipid antibodies represent as a risk factor for preeclampsia among women without the history of thrombosis or autoimmune diseases

[NK cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis and their response to medical treatment]

WHO remarked Leishmaniasis as a world wide hygienic problem with a highly considerable prevalence in Iran. Mashhad is known as one of the most important foci of the disease in our country. Different responses to medical treatment and various prognosis of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as the possible role of NK cells in prognosis prompted us to evaluate the percentage of these cells through determining CD16+56 marker by flow cytometry in different groups of patients. In this prospective study conducted in Ghaem Hospital and Bu Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from August 2001 to October 2002, 36 patients with confirmed cutaneous Leishmaniasis were involved .Blood samples collected from them before and after treatment, 29 cases out of these patients successfully carried out the survey and 7 patients excluded for different reasons. Lymphocytes with CD16+56 markers were counted using different monoclonal antibodies such as CD16+56 +obtained from IQ products Co., the Netherlands. In this project, the percentage of NK cells in the total patients and the control group were significantly different [p=0.01] and also the similar results were obtained with patients who respond to treatment after first period of medication [p=0.02] and those who did not [p= 0.04]. Meanwhile, in our study the percentage of NK cells of the whole patients was not significantly different, before and after the treatment. In patients who were sensitive to the treatment and in those who were not the percentage of NK cells were not differing significantly as well. These results suggest that decreased number of NK cells in patient at risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis may increase the infection risk. And also suggest that Glucantime does not affect on the percentage of NK cells in the treatment of the patients

effects of aqueous extract of Garlic [Allium sativum L.] on laryngeal cancer cells [Hep-2] and L929 cells in vitro

Garlic has been known as an important medicinal plant for centuries; it has been used widely as antibiotic, antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, anticancer and some other therapeutic properties. The anticancer effects of plant is due to inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of different compounds present in garlic. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of garlic on growth of human larynx carcinoma cell line [Hep-2] as case and normal mouse fibroblast cell line [L929] as control. Both cell lines were treated with 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 10 and 12 mg/ml of aqueous extract in culture medium for intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours, when cells were studied under light inverted microscope for shape, granulation and anchorage independency. At the same time antiproliferative properties of the extract were determined by MTT colorimetric assay. The data demonstrated inhibitory effects of aqueous extract at concentrations of 8, 10 and 12 mg/ml on both cell lines after 24 hours treatment. Inhibitory effects were stronger after 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability for both cell lines also were significantly reduced by MTT assay at 8, 10, and 12 mg/ml concentration of aqueous extract after all studied intervals. The results of this study demonstrate that the aqueous extract of this type of garlic exert inhibitory effects on growth of Hep-2 and L99 cell lines. Therefore, it seems that when garlic is used for anticancer purposes, other types of garlic or different extracts may be preferred that don't show cytotoxic actions on normal cells

[Evaluation of quantitive IL6 in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis]

Infection in the neonate presents a diagnostic dilemma as the clinical presentation is non- specific and final culture results are usually not available until at least 48-72[h] after sampling. Early confirmation of definitive infection with use of cytokine levels would cause significant reduction in health care costs by shortening the duration of treatment and hospitalization. The objective of the present study was to evaluate interleukin 6 [IL6] level in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. This single blind clinical trial was done in NICU of Ghaem Hospital in 2003 - 2004. Subject included 60 neonates evaluated for suspected sepsis. All infants had IL6, CBC, B/C, CRP done at evaluation presentation. Infants were categorized into groups according to the Iikehood of infection on the basis of clinical presentation, blood culture results, i.e., group I [sepsis], group 2 [clinical sepsis] and group 3 [control]. IL6 was compared between two groups by the T-test of mann - whitney; logistic regression was done to establish the best predictors of infection; and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were determined. The lL6 Level was significantly raised in those infants with sepsis [184 pg/mL p value=0.000] and clinical sepsis [102 pg/ml p value= 0.001] when compared to those infants without infection [5 pg/ml]. An IL6 Value >/-11 pg/ml gave a NPV=9617%, PPV=100%, specifity=100%, sensitivity=96/8%. A CRP> 6pg/ml gave a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 68% respectively. It is concluded that an IL6 value done at the time of presentation of sign and symptoms, suggestive of infection, is useful in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. In particular, an IL6 < 11 and CRP < 6 pg/ml may allow antibiotics to be withheld in a number of infants evaluated for sepsis