Damage of the superior gluteal nerve after the lateral transgluteal approach of the hip. anatomical, clinical and electrophysiological study

Twenty-two patients who had undergone unilateral hip athroplasty using the transgluteal approach of Hardinge were studied. The abductor muscles of the hip joint were assessed electrophysiologically and clinically by Trendelenberg test six months after the operation. Electrophysiological evidence of damage of the superior gluteal nerve was found in two patients, while positive Trendelenberg was present in seven cases. In an effort to understand the mechanism of injury of the nerve, ten Egyptian cadavers were bilaterally dissected to expose the superior gluteal nerve. The course, pattern of branching and distribution of the nerve were evaluated. Two patterns of nerve distribution were recorded. The spray pattern in 90% of cadavers and the transverse neural trunk pattern in the remaining 10%. In both patterns all branches lied deep to the middle third of the undersurface of the gluteus medius muscle. A safe area devoid of any neural branches was detected in all cadavers. It is safe to extend the incision up to 4.8cm in a cephalic direction from the tip of the greater trochanter, before reaching the lower most branch of the superior gluteal nerve

Light and electron microscopic study on the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin on potentially fatty infiltrated liver during pregnancy in albino rats

Preservation of the mother health and fetal life during pregnancy is the major task of obstetricians. Though pregnancy is a great burden over the vital organs, it influences and influenced by the functions of these organs. Most common forms of liver changes during pregnancy are reversible, but some serious illness as fatty infiltration of the liver with pregnancy may develop and threaten the life of the mother to a degree that termination of pregnancy appears to be the only solution to save her life. The present study investigated the structural changes of the liver of young adult female albino rats during pregnancy and compared them with the corresponding findings after administration of silymarin, a hepatoprotective agent, during pregnancy. Thirty adult female albino rats, three months old, were used in this study. Ten of them were used as a control group, while the other twenty rats were divided into two experimental groups, ten rats each. Animals of the first group were subjected to pregnancy, while animals of the other experimental group received the heptoprotective agent, silymarin, at a dose 2.5 mg dissolved in saline once daily throughout their pregnancy. Liver samples of both groups were examined by light and transmission electron microscopes comparing the findings with the liver samples of control rats. Light microscopic examination of liver specimens during pregnancy revealed mild degree of cellular infiltration around the congested sinusoids and mild cytoplasmic vacuolations. The electron microscopic study clarified accumulation of lipid droplets and secondary lysosomes, mitochondrial degene ration, abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and marked proliferation and vesiculation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.Disfigurement of nuclear outline together with chromatin clumping and peripheral migration of the nucleolus were observed. Also the bile canaliculi appeared dilated. Light microscopic examination of treated liver with the hepatoprotective agent, silymarin, during pregnancy revealed absence of cellular infiltration and sinusoidal congestion but demonstrated minimal cytoplasmic vacuolations. The electron microscopic study of the hepatocytes clarified absence or mild deposition of lipid droplets, restoration of mitochondrial integrity, mild proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, apparently normal rough endoplasmic reticulum, less degree of chromatin clumping and approximately central nucleolus. The absence of cellular infiltration and the minimal degree of degeneration affecting the hepatocytes and preservation of integrity of hepatocyte organelles in the treated liver with silymarin proved the hepatoprotective role of this agent, even, with the stress condition of pregnancy

Effects of ultrasound waves on the skin of albino rats: Light and scanning electron microscopy study

Recently, the skin is considered as one of the most respectable routes of drug introduction into the body. It forms a safe way in by passing organs suffering from chronic serious illness that interferes with drug metabolism. Overcoming of the skin barrier to facilitate easy and safe drug penetration is the target of many researchers working in this field. Application of ultrasound waves to the skin has made a revolution in penetration of many drugs across its barrier. The present study investigated the structural changes in the rat skin after ultrasound exposure by using light and scanning electron microscopes. Fifteen young albino rats were used in this study. Five of them were managed as control, while the other ten were classified as two experimental groups, five rats each. Animals of the first experimental group were exposed to ultrasound waves at a frequency of 48 KHz and intensity 0.5w/cm[2] for 5 minutes, While those of the other experimental group were exposed to the same dose for 10 minuets. The skin surface was examined by light and scanning electron microscopes comparing the findings with the skin samples of control rats. Variable degrees of skin damage included fractures of hair shafts, shedding of stratum corneum, destruction of stratum lucidum and partial separation of stratum granulosum, spinosum and basale. Also, the damage reached the papillary layer of the dermis that was removed leaving the reticular layer bared and produced wide clefts in particular areas and large carter like openings in other sites of the skin surface. The removal of the straum corneum together with the other epidermal changes and the formation of the wide clefts and crater openings could spot lights on the hidden structural changes of the skin and might explain the mechanism of transdermal drug penetration with ultrasound exposure

Ultrastructural study on the effects of 2 methoxyethanol [2 - ME] on the testis of albino rat

Research in environmental pollution deals with physical, chemical and biological pollutants whose presence within the different media [air, water, soil and food] coming into contact with human being may be harmful to human health. The present study was carried out on twenty five adult nale albino rats, five of them were used as control, while the other twenty rats were subjected to the oral administration of 2- methoxyethanol [2-ME], a widely spreading environmental pollutant, and sacrificed after 1,2, and 4 weeks and the remaining five rats were considered as a recovery group where they left to survive for another one month after sudden withdrawal of the chemical pollutant. After short period, 2 weeks, of [2-ME] administration, the testes of the treated animals showed progressive degenerative changes involved most of the spermatogenic cells, and represented by generalized swelling of the mitochondria, dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and basement membrane affection together with various degrees of nuclear degeneration. In advanced period, after 4 weeks of intake, focal areas of testicular destruction and apparently necrotic material were observed. The disturbance of the architectural pattern of the spermatogenic cells in the rat testis together with the focal areas of complete destruction after administration of 2-ME could spot lights on the subsequent impairment of reproductive power and might explain the hidden causes of infertility spreading among individuals manipulating with such pollutant

study of the patterns of lip prints among Libyans in Benghazi city

The last few decades have seen the development of the exaggerated importance of lip prints as another skin impression which may be useful in identification and useful in diagnosis of congenital diseases. This study was carried out on 303 persons, 173 males and 130 females with age ranging from 14-24 years. They were secondary school and university Libyan students in Benghazi City. Lip prints were obtained through the use of lip stick onto a glazed white paper. The obtained lip prints were classified according to the different types of lip print patterns and correlated with sex. A new pattern of lip prints was observed for the first time among Libyans in which one of the lip grooves branches into two limbs, then reunite again. No similarity was observed between any two lip prints. Lip prints were formed of more than two patterns. No significant difference was observed between males and females