[ effects of diazinon on histomorphometric changes of the number of goblet and the number of epithelial cells of the embryo tissue of the Balb/c mice]

Background: diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide that normally used to control different types of harmful insects in Agriculture

Methods: 25 laboratory mature female mice divided into 5 equal groups: The control group did not receive diazinon, Sham groups of A and B, respectively, received0.52 and 5.2microliter of emulsifier, Diazinon experimental groups of A and B also received, respectively, 1.3 and 13 microliter form of inhalant

Results: in all histomorphometry and appearance studies, there was no significant difference between the control group and two sham groups but in the experimental group of B there were abnormalities such as atrophy of the fetus and placenta, cutaneous bleeding, the position of fetus was absorbed with extra placenta. The examination of intestinal Histomorphometry of embryos in the average number of goblet cells in a level equal to length of the villi in the experimental group of B in compared to the experimental group of A and the control showed that this increases were not significant. The average number of epithelial cells in a certain level of transverse sections of villi in both the experimental groups compared to control group showed no significant difference. Percentage of goblet cells in the entire villi's in the experimental group A and B showed a significant decrease in compared to the control group

Conclusion: consumption of high levels of Diazinon in pregnant mice caused growth and development disorders and physical anomalies in the fetus as well as abnormalities in the development of intestinal tissue of embryos

Heparin/Collagen 3D Scaffold Accelerates Hepatocyte Differentiation of Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Both mature and stem cell-derived hepatocytes lost their phenotype and functionality under conventional culture conditions. However, the 3D scaffolds containing the main extracellular matrix constitutions, such as heparin, may provide appropriate microenvironment for hepatocytes to be functional. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of the differentiation capability of hepatocytes derived from human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) in 3D heparinized scaffold. In this case, the human WJ-MSCs were cultured on the heparinized and non-heparinized 2D collagen gels or within 3D scaffolds in the presence of hepatogenic medium. Immunostaining was performed for anti-alpha fetoprotein, cytokeratin-18 and -19 antibodies. RT-PCR was performed for detection of hepatic nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4), albumin, cytokeratin-18 and -19, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), c-met and Cyp2B. The results indicated that hepatogenic media induced the cells to express early liver-specific markers including HNF4, albumin, cytokeratin-18 and 19 in all conditions. The cells cultured on both heparinized culture conditions expressed late liver-specific markers such as G6P and Cyp2B as well. Besides, the hepatocytes differentiated in 3D heparinized scaffolds stored more glycogen that indicated they were more functional. Non-heparinized 2D gel was the superior condition for cholangiocyte differentiation as indicated by higher levels of cytokeratin 19 expression. In conclusion, the heparinized 3D scaffolds provided a microenvironment to mimic Disse space. Therefore, 3D heparinized collagen scaffold can be suggested as a good vehicle for hepatocyte differentiation.

Stauprimide priming of human embryonic stem cells toward definitive endoderm

In vitro production of a definitive endoderm [DE] is an important issue in stem cell-related differentiation studies and it can assist with the production of more efficient endoderm derivatives for therapeutic applications. Despite tremendous progress in DE differentiation of human embryonic stem cells [hESCs], researchers have yet to discover universal, efficient and cost-effective protocols. In this experimental study, we have treated hESCs with 200 nM of Stauprimide [Spd] for one day followed by activin A [50 ng/ml; A50] for the next three days [Spd-A50]. In the positive control group, hESCs were treated with Wnt3a [25 ng/ml] and activin A [100 ng/ml] for the first day followed by activin A for the next three days [100 ng/ml; W/A100-A100]. Gene expression analysis showed up regulation of DE-specific marker genes [SOX17, FOXA2 and CXCR4] comparable to that observed in the positive control group. Expression of the other lineage specific markers did not significantly change [p<0.05]. We also obtained the same gene expression results using another hESC line. The use of higher concentrations of Spd [400 and 800 nM] in the Spd-A50 protocol caused an increase in the expression SOX17 as well as a dramatic increase in mortality rate of the hESCs. A lower concentration of activin A [25 ng/ml] was not able to up regulate the DE-specific marker genes. Then, A50 was replaced by inducers of definitive endoderm; IDE1/2 [IDE1 and IDE2], two previously reported small molecule [SM] inducers of DE, in our protocol [Spd-IDE1/2]. This replacement resulted in the up regulation of visceral endoderm [VE] marker [SOX7] but not DE-specific markers. Therefore, while the Spd-A50 protocol led to DE production, we have shown that IDE1/2 could not fully replace activin A in DE induction of hESCs These findings can assist with the design of more efficient chemically-defined protocols for DE induction of hESCs and lead to a better understanding of the different signaling networks that are involved in DE differentiation of hESCs

[Effects of aspirin on renal cortical and medullary tissues in rat embryos]

Aspirin is the drug of the century, and is a multifunctional drug and one of the most prescribed drugs in the world. Aspirin is a safe drug at low doses but also it has life-threatening side effects when administered at high doses. This study investigates the effects of aspirin on renal cortical and medullary tissue in rat embryos. In this study, 30 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Control group with no intervention, sham group received 2 ml distilled water [as a solvent of aspirin] received from days 8 to 20 of pregnancy, and four experimental groups received different doses of 75, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of aspirin by gavage. Pregnant rats were sacrificed on the twenty days of pregnancy and the fetuses were removed. Weight of the fetuses and placenta and Crown-Rump length were measured. Fetal kidneys were fixed in formalin processed, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Thickness of renal cortical and medullary tissue by using a Motic hardware and software system were measured and recorded. A significance level of 0.05 was predetermined for all statistical analyses. No apparent fetal anomalies were observed in experimental groups. In addition, no significant differences were shown in the mean of fetal weight, placental weight, mean of Crown-Rump length in experimental groups 75, 200 and 300 mg/kg compared to control and sham groups. Mean fetal and placental weight in experimental group 100 significantly increased compared to control and sham groups. Mean ratio of renal cortex to renal medulla in experimental group 75, 100 and 300 were significantly decreased compared to control and sham groups [respectively P = 0.03, P = 0.013, P = 0.03]. It seems that maternal use of aspirin during pregnancy can not cause fetal abnormalities. However, it can cause some changes in renal cortical and medullary tissue of rat embryos

Effects of saffron [crocus sativus L.] aqueous extract on in vitro maturation, fertilization and embryo development of mouse oocytes

Lower pregnancy rates of in vitro matured oocytes compared to those of in vivo stimulated cycles indicate that optimization of in vitro maturation [IVM] remains a challenge. Reduced developmental competence of in vitro matured oocytes shows that current culture systems for oocyte maturation do not adequately support nuclear and/or cytoplasmic maturation. Therefore this study evaluates the effects of different concentrations of saffron [Crocus sativus L.] aqueous extract [SAE], as an antioxidant agent on IVM of immature mouse oocytes. In this experimental study ,cumulus-oocyte complexes [COCs] were collected from 6-8 weeks old novel medical research institute [NMRI] female mice ovaries. COCs were cultured in IVM medium supplemented with 0 [control], 5, 10, 20 and 40 micro g/ml of SAE in 5% CO[2] at 37[degree sign] C. The rates of maturation, fertilization and development were recorded. ANOVA and Duncan's protected least significant test, using the SAS program was applied for all statistical analysis. The maturation rate was significantly higher in all groups treated with different concentrations of SAE compared with the control group [p<0.05]. However, the lower concentrations of SAE [10 and 5 micro g/ml] in maturation medium respectively increased the fertilization rate of oocytes and in vitro developmental competence when compared with the control group [p<0.05]. The results of this study indicate that lower concentrations of SAE are more appropriate to be added to maturation medium when compared with other experimental and control groups. Generally, we conclude that addition of appropriate amounts of natural extracts such as SAE to maturation medium improves oocyte maturation and embryo development

effect of morphine consumption on plasma corticosteron concentration and placenta development in pregnant rats

Previous studies have shown that morphine consumption during pregnancy may delay embryo development or cause abnormal nervous system function. The present study focused on the effect of maternal morphine consumption on development of placenta and blood corticosteron concentration in addictive pregnant mothers. 24 female rats, 170-200g weight, were used. The experimental groups after pregnancy received an oral dose of 0.05 mg/ml of morphine by tap water while the control group received only tap water. On 10[th] and 14[th] day of pregnancy, rats were anesthetized and placenta removed surgically, 1ml blood was collected from each pregnant mother from retro-orbital sinus, the concentration of blood corticosteron was determined by corticosteron Elisa kit after centrifugation. The fixed tissue was processed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Placenta was studied microscopically according to the thickness of layers, area of blood cisterns, and the number of cells. Comparing the plasma corticosteron concentration of the treatment and the control groups, not only a severe increase in the treatment group was detected, but also the thickness of maternal and embryonic portions of the placenta at day 10th and 14th of gestation was different significantly [p

Effect of oral morphine consumption in female rats on development of brain cavities, central canal and choroid plexus of their embryos

Previous studies have shown that morphine consumption during pregnancy may delay embryo development or cause abnormal nervous system function. The present study focused on the effects of maternal morphine consumption on brain cavities and central canal development in Wistar rats. In this study Wistar rats [average weight: 170-200 g] were used. The experimental group, after pregnancy, received 0.05 mg/ml of morphine by tap water while the control group received water. On the 17[th] day of pregnancy, the pregnant animals were anesthetized by chloroform and embryos were surgically removed. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin for four weeks. Then, tissues were processed and sectioned. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin [H and E] and examined for ventricle, central canal and choroid plexus development by light microscopy and MOTIC software. Severe reductions of the third and lateral ventricles were observed in the experimental group. In addition, an increase in the choroid plexus [CP] area in the experimental group with regards to the control group was identified. The study showed that oral morphine consumption lead to reduction in the third and lateral brain cavities and an increase in the CP area. This defect may cause behavioral changes observed in the F1 generation from addicted pregnant animals