RESUMO
In Pakistan 1 in every 14 infants die before reaching one year of age. Infant mortality highly depends upon the health care practices by the caretakers. To investigate the infant risky health care practices and their impact on infants' health in Pakistan. Descriptive systematic literature review. All the research articles that was published in between 2000 to 2015. Focusing on newborn health care practices with special reference to mother's utilization of antennal and postnatal care, pre-lacteal feedings, colostrum, breastfeeding, cord care practices and complementary feeding. A systematic search of national and international literature especially from developing countries was undertaken from peer-reviewed indexed journals and news articles from 2000-2015 to access the infant health care practices. Sixty five articles were included in this review article. All the studies focused on the determinants of infant health care practices. It was found that mother's prenatal and postnatal care utilization service was poor. It was further investigated that colostrum is not preferred first feed of the mothers and family members to their infants. Mostly mothers gave the pre-lacteal feeding to their children irrespective to their education and social status and it cause the delayed in initiating the breastfeeding to the neonates. Only a small proportion of the mothers initiate the breastfeeding with in the first hour of birth and mothers are unaware about the importance of breastfeeding. Furthermore, the mothers are also unaware about cord care and use conventional methods for cord care. It was investigated that infant health care practices is highly influenced by the culture and religious beliefs of the caretakers. Due to the lack of proper health care of infants, Pakistan is facing high infant mortality rate and substandard infant health indicators. It is suggested that government and policy makers should arrange the trainings/ workshops for the mothers and adolescents for the purpose to discourage the risky health care practices
RESUMO
In Pakistan maternal mortality rate is very high as compared to other low income countries. Maternal mortality rate in Pakistan 260/100,000 is the highest in South Asia. In developing countries one woman dies in sixteen from pregnancy related diseases
Objective: This study was aimed to explore reproductive health issues of mothers in Faisalabad
Study Design: A sample of 200 respondents was obtained from Faisalabad city through multistage sampling technique
Period: 2013-2014
Setting Area: Urban Area of district Faisalabad
Material and Method: Uni-variate [frequency distribution and percentage] and Bi-variate analysis [Chi square and Gamma Statistics] was carried out
Results: It was found that antenatal and postnatal care utilization services were poor. Majority of the respondents 79% got at least one antenatal care service but only more than one third 34% got the four recommended checkup during pregnancy. It was also investigated that only 60% women got postnatal visits and only 18% deliveries took place at homes. Two third of the respondents 66% had the positive attitude towards the contraceptive methods for birth spacing. The bi-variate analysis shows that age [p=.003], education [p=.013], income [p=.001], type of family [p=.002] were significantly associated with the positive attitude towards the contraceptive for birth spacing
Conclusion: It is suggested that mothers should be aware of the importance of antenatal and postnatal recommended visits to overcome the reproductive health issues through LHW's visits mass media compaigns and easy assess towards the health care centers