Cross-contamination of drinking water in residential and public building

There are growing numbers of cross-contamination threats that Could contaminate drinking water. Microbiological contaminants can enter drinking water system through flush toilet system installed inside. Four samples were collected from five floors building to represent the contamination of drinking water. To confirm the results five repitation of the samples were conducted .A total number of samples collected were 96. The MPN/100 ml.of water sample were detected for fecal coliforms. The results suggested that tap water could be a potential transmission route for many diseases and may pose a health hazard

Optimizing of drinking water distribution systems

Many techniques were developed to analyze the hydraulic flow and pressure of water in pipe network. It solves the same bases of specific assumption of fixed condition. The able methods require initial estimates for the flow distribution or junction pressure. On the hand widely different estimates from the true values can significantly slow down the .ergence. Several changes in the pipe sizes must be mathematically tried before the aulic performance of the network is satisfied. Even then, the solution may be remote from actual optimum. In many cities in developing countries the peak water demand exceeds the acity of the installed treatment plant. The water demands are continuously fluctuated at Deferent parts of the network according to the local available head. Therefore, these methods of analysis are check rather than optimization techniques. Nevertheless, optimization procedures for such system are not established yet. A systematic design approach for moderate and large drinking water distribution systems is evolved and presented in this paper. It provides a useful to minimize the capital and runing costs of the operated system. It also provides a simple .optimization routine. The direction and diameter of main pipe line of the distribution system can determined. Also, it discusses the methods used to flatten the hydraulic surface over the network which stimulate minimal pumping head. The elevated water tanks can also be allocated To the optimum position and elevation

Solid waste from beverage package in Egypt

Production of beverages has been expanded to cover the growing demands of soft drink. There are 30 plants filling 15 million returnable glass bottles in Egypt. Those plants discharge washing effluent without any treatment. The strength of the wastewater effluent exceeds the maximum permissible level for wastewater discharges into water streams or into municipal sewer. Most of them are confronted with either clean up or close down. Filling plastic bottles is an alternative to cut down the washing effluent. For that alternative, extra loads of solid wastes will be added to the local sanitary system. This alternative was studied through comparing two types of beverage containers, i.e., filling beverage into returnable glass bottles or into plastic bottles. The life cycles of the containers were studied. Also the involved factors in the product life cycle were identified. The results is a guide to replace our traditional approach of satisfying our needs in terms of production by the more basic approach of a clean product. Also, it addresses a sustainable solid waste system in Egypt

Evaluation of public swimming pools in recreational area

This work aimed at determining the effect of excessive number of bathers on the water quality of swimming pools, and developing a model for health risk among public swimming pools. This model provides a useful tool for setting standards for the water quality into public swimming pools. Severe water deterioration was monitored for public swimming pools in a recreational area. The contamination of water was due to the high bather loads and the applied low chlorine dose. A significant correlation between the fecal coliform density, MPN per 100 ml, and the bather loads was found. Water was contaminated rapidly by increasing of bather load. The response of water treatment was delayed for two hours until a significant reduction of fecal coliform count started. The bather loads should be restricted to 15 bathers per 100 sq.m. Of the water surface. Otherwise, any restoration process of water quality in similar public swimming pools should be based on increasing the chlorine dose. To overcome the complaints of bathers about high chlorine dose, water tank just ahead of the chlorinator followed by small water aerator are needed. Also, the increasing of public awareness, about the use of feet bathers and shower facilities, is essential. To adapt the bathers' height and their swimming capabilities, the water depth of 50% of the water surface area should be ranged between 100 to 150 cm

Alexandria beaches: Concerns about recent environmental problems

This study indicated that accumulated debris causes some injures to beach users. About 47% of beach users have declared injures. The sources of the hazard are glass, rock, tar ball, wood and garbage. The main source of environmental knowledge of the public was the newspaper, followed by the TV, the radio and free reading. Beach users are the main sources of debris on beach. They carry with them items usually left behind. Along with the efforts made by Alexandria Municipal Authorities to maintain the beaches clean, environmental educational programs are recommended to raise the public awareness towards pollution by debris