RESUMO
Background@#Glioblastoma is the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults and is characterized by poor prognosis. Immune evasion occurs via programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) interaction. Some malignant tumors have responded to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade treatment strategies, and PD-L1 has been described as a potential predictive biomarker. This study discussed the expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in glioblastomas. @*Methods@#Thirty cases of glioblastoma were stained immunohistochemically for PD-L1 and CD8, where PD-L1 expression in glioblastoma tumor tissue above 1% is considered positive and CD-8 is expressed in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The expression of each marker was correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Survival analysis was conducted to correlate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with PD-L1 and CD8 expression. @*Results@#Diffuse/fibrillary PD-L1 was expressed in all cases (mean expression, 57.6%), whereas membranous PD-L1 was expressed in six of 30 cases. CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) had a median expression of 10%. PD-L1 and CD8 were positively correlated (p = .001). High PD-L1 expression was associated with worse PFS and OS (p = .026 and p = .001, respectively). Correlation of CD8+ TILs percentage with age, sex, tumor site, laterality, and outcomes were statistically insignificant. Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 was the only independent factor that affected prognosis. @*Conclusions@#PD-L1 expression in patients with glioblastoma is robust; higher PD-L1 expression is associated with lower CD8+ TIL expression and worse prognosis.
RESUMO
Patients can have a wide range of problems related to scars, in terms of cosmesis, function, symptoms, psychological problems and overall quality of life issues. Hypertrophic scars can be reduced by the application of silicone dressing; however, the detailed mechanism of silicone action is still unknown. It is known that silicone gel sheets Cerederm[R] cause a hydration of the epidermal layer of the skin. An in vitro coculture experiment has shown that hydration of keratinocytes had a suppressive effect on the metabolism of the underlying fibroblasts resulting in reduced collagen deposition. This study was conducted on 80 linear scars, 40 patients with post abdominoplasty scars, and 20 patients [40 breasts] with reduction mammoplasty scars; they were divided into two groups with the use of pressure garment fixed in both groups. The first group used silicone gel sheet Cerederm [R] while the second did not. Both groups were followed up for a period of 6 months. Then the outcome was compared both on clinical and histopathological basis. On clinical assessment the two groups where compared according to the Vancouver Scar Scale [VSS.]: scar height, pigmentation .etc. While in histopathological examination, three biopsies were taken at day 0, 90, 180 respectively. Each specimen was stained by hematoxylin and eosin to show the normal pattern of collagen bundle formation, the amount of fibrosis and proliferation of the fibroblasts. Early restoration of the water barrier is essential for reducing the stimulus for epidermal proliferation, and secondary epidermal cross talk to stimulate collagen synthesis in the dermis. Adding the pressure garment to the silicon play a role in decreasing the height of the scar or prevent its formation with decrease the other unpleasant sequel of the scar