Potency dependent activity of homeopathic nanomedicine- classical and quantum electrodynamical approach

The effect of homeopathic medicine on biological and physical system is directly related to its potency [1]. However, from physico-chemical point of view it is difficult to explain this effect at such high dilution, as then the existence of even trace amount of particle is questionable. It has been reported that during the process of potentization, a large amount of mechanical energy gets transferred to the medium due to succussion [2]. This energy in all probability reduces the size of the drug aggregates. The drug then penetrates easily through the membrane barrier, and thereby gives rise to enhanced activity of the medicine. It has been experimentally proved by us and supported by others that indeed a reduction of size of the aggregates takes place with increase in potency [3]. Using five different homeopathic medicines, their sizes at three different potencies have been estimated and a general mathematical expression relating the size of the particle (Y) and the corresponding potency (X) has been derived as follows Y = a X -n. (AU)

Neuromuscular blocking effects of an alkaloidal extract from Inula royleana: contractile and electrical studies on amphibian skeletal muscle in vitro.

The neuromuscular blocking properties of an alkaloidal extract from the root of Inula royleana have been investigated in vitro using a combination of mechanical and electrophysiological approaches. Neurogenic twitches of the frog sartorius were profoundly inhibited by concentrations of the extract > or = 20 micrograms/ml, being reduced to 50% of control amplitude in approximately 90 s at a concentration of > or = 20 micrograms/ml. They were partially reversed by neostigmine (6 micrograms/ml), and by prolonged washout of the extract. Muscle surface action potentials, recorded with extracellular electrodes, also declined rapidly in amplitude in the presence of the extract. Direct muscle stimulation during inhibition by the extract elicited contractions and action potentials whose magnitudes were similar to control responses. Resting membrane potentials, and the intracellular input impedance of the skeletal muscle cells, were not significantly changed by the alkaloids. These results indicate that the extract has significant neuromuscular blocking activity of a partially or slowly reversible nature. The block appears to be exerted at the postjunctional end-plate nicotine receptors, thus offering promise for the identification of novel cholinergic receptor antagonist(s).