Cytogenetics in recurrent abortions.

The present study comprised of 40 couples with bad obstetric history. Aim of the study was to find out whether any specific chromosomal abnormalities exist in couples with recurrent abortions. Karyotyping with ‘G’ banding was done. The study revealed that, out of 80 positive metaphases, chromosomal anomalies were seen in 3 cases (3.75%). The abnormal karyotypes seen were 45XX,t(21;21), 45XY,t(13;21), 45XY,t(15;15). These translocations are known as Robertsonian translocaitons, which occur between D and G group of chromosomes.

Clinical anatomy of the vocal cord.

Larynx is a multifunctional organ. Laryngeal cavity is divided into the supra-glottic, glottic and sub-glottic cavity by vestibular fold (False vocal cords) and vocal folds (True vocal cords). Various conditions are responsible for vocal cord paralysis; commonest one is recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during neck surgeries. Possible complications should be kept in mind by surgeons and anesthetists. In this paper we have discussed various conditions causing vocal cord paralysis.