Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES: Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. METHODS: Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale. RESULTS: Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.

Práticas educativas positivas favorecem o desenvolvimento da empatia em crianças / Positive parenting practices bring benefits to the development of empathy in children

Esta pesquisa investiga a relação entre as práticas educativas e os níveis de empatia em 77 crianças, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos. Destas, 37 viviam em abrigos: oito, em um abrigo de longa permanência (Abrigo Pq); e 29 viviam em um abrigo de curta permanência (Abrigo Gr). As demais 40 crianças residiam com as próprias famílias (Lar). A empatia foi avaliada com a Escala de Empatia para Crianças e Adolescentes e mediante entrevistas baseadas em cenas de vídeo, selecionadas para eliciar raiva, tristeza, alegria e medo. As práticas educativas foram avaliadas através de entrevistas. As crianças do Abrigo Gr apresentaram escores inferiores aos das crianças do Abrigo Pq e do Lar tanto em termos de empatia quanto de práticas educativas. Este padrão de resultados sugere a existência de uma relação entre as práticas educativas adotadas pelos pais ou responsáveis e o desenvolvimento da empatia em crianças.

This study aims at investigating the relationship between parenting practices and the empathy levels in 77 children with ages ranging from 6 to 12. Thirty seven of them lived in foster homes; eight lived in a shelter, which provided a long term residence (Small shelter) and 29 children lived in a short term residence shelter (Big shelter). The remaining 40 children lived at home with their own families (Home). Empathy was evaluated by using two instruments: An empathy scale for children and adolescents and interviews based on selected video clips showing scenes, which aimed at eliciting anger, sadness, happiness and fear. The parenting practices were evaluated through interviews. Big Shelter children presented lower scores both, in terms of empathy, as well as of parenting, when compared to Small Shelter and Home children, This pattern of results suggests that the practices adopted by parents or caregivers affect the development of empathy in children.

Esta pesquisa investiga la relación entre las prácticas educativas y los niveles de empatía en 77 niños entre 6 y 12 años. De éstos, 37 vivían en abrigos: ocho en un abrigo de larga permanencia (Abrigo Pq); y 29 vivían en un abrigo de corta permanencia (Abrigo Gr). Los 40 niños restantes residían con las propias familias (Lar). La empatía fue evaluada con la Escala de Empatía a Niños y Adolescentes y de entrevistas basadas en escenas de vídeo, seleccionadas para expulsar: rabia, tristeza, alegría y miedo. Las prácticas educativas fueron evaluadas a través de entrevistas. Los niños del Abrigo Gr presentaron escores inferiores que los de los niños del Abrigo Pq y del Lar tanto en términos de empatía como de prácticas educativas. Este patrón de resultados sugiere la existencia de una relación entre las prácticas educativas adoptada por los padres o responsables y el desarrollo de la empatía en niños.