Technique for implanting intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm by videolaparoscopy in pigs

PURPOSE: To describe a novel approach for implanting intramuscular electrodes in the diaphragm through videolaparoscopy. METHODS: We used twelve pigs for this videolaparoscopic technique, which permits at the same time to explore the diaphragm, to locate its motor points and to fix the electrodes in the diaphragm bilaterally. In this technique we used three trocars: one portal for a 10-mm 0° viewing angle laparoscope, one portal for the manipulation of structures and another for electrode implantation. RESULTS: All animals survived the procedure without pneumothorax/capnothorax or other complication. Implanted electrodes provided an appropriate interface between the muscle and the electrical current generator, and electroventilation was satisfactorily generated in all animals. CONCLUSION: This videolaparoscopic technique with three trocars enables the exploration and identification of motor points and an efficient fixation of one or two electrodes in each hemidiaphragm.

Effectiveness of diaphragmatic stimulation with single-channel electrodes in rabbits / Efetividade da estimulacao diafragmatica com eletrodos monocanais em coelhos

Every year, a large number of individuals become dependent on mechanical ventilation because of a loss of diaphragm function. The most common causes are cervical spinal trauma and neuromuscular diseases. We have developed an experimental model to evaluate the performance of electrical stimulation of the diaphragm in rabbits using single-channel electrodes implanted directly into the muscle. Various current intensities (10, 16, 20, and 26 mA) produced tidal volumes above the baseline value, showing that this model is effective for the study of diaphragm performance at different levels of electrical stimulation.

A cada ano um grande número de pessoas perde a função do diafragma tornando-se dependentes de ventilação mecânica. As principais causas são o trauma raquimedular da região cervical e as doenças neuromusculares. Desenvolvemos um modelo experimental para avaliar o desempenho da estimulação elétrica do diafragma em coelhos com eletrodos monocanais implantados diretamente neste músculo. Foram aplicadas diferentes intensidades de correntes (10, 16, 20 e 26 mA), as quais geraram volumes correntes acima dos valores basais, mostrando que este modelo é eficaz para estudar o desempenho do diafragma sob diferentes tipos de estimulação elétrica.