Use of the Wasserman equation in optimization of the duration of the power ramp in a cardiopulmonary exercise test: a study of Brazilian men

This study aimed to analyze the agreement between measurements of unloaded oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake based on equations proposed by Wasserman and on real measurements directly obtained with the ergospirometry system. We performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), which was applied to two groups of sedentary male subjects: one apparently healthy group (HG, n=12) and the other had stable coronary artery disease (n=16). The mean age in the HG was 47±4 years and that in the coronary artery disease group (CG) was 57±8 years. Both groups performed CPET on a cycle ergometer with a ramp-type protocol at an intensity that was calculated according to the Wasserman equation. In the HG, there was no significant difference between measurements predicted by the formula and real measurements obtained in CPET in the unloaded condition. However, at peak effort, a significant difference was observed between oxygen uptake (V˙O2)peak(predicted)and V˙O2peak(real)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). In the CG, there was a significant difference of 116.26 mL/min between the predicted values by the formula and the real values obtained in the unloaded condition. A significant difference in peak effort was found, where V˙O2peak(real)was 40% lower than V˙O2peak(predicted)(nonparametric Wilcoxon test). There was no agreement between the real and predicted measurements as analyzed by Lin’s coefficient or the Bland and Altman model. The Wasserman formula does not appear to be appropriate for prediction of functional capacity of volunteers. Therefore, this formula cannot precisely predict the increase in power in incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer.

Alternative chromatographic system for the quality control of lipophilic technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals such as [99mTc(MIBI)6]+

Knowledge of the radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals is mandatory and can be evaluated by several methods and techniques. Planar chromatography is the technique normally employed in nuclear medicine since it is simple, rapid and usually of low cost. There is no standard system for the chromatographic technique, but price, separation efficiency and short time for execution must be considered. We have studied an alternative system using common chromatographic stationary phase and alcohol or alcohol:chloroform mixtures as the mobile phase, using the lipophilic radiopharmaceutical [99mTc(MIBI)6]+ as a model. Whatman 1 modified phase paper and absolute ethanol, Whatman 1 paper and methanol:chloroform (25:75), Whatman 3MM paper and ethanol:chloroform (25:75), and the more expensive ITLC-SG and 1-propanol:chloroform (10:90) were suitable systems for the direct determination of radiochemical purity of [99mTc(MIBI)6]+ since impurities such as99mTc-reduced-hydrolyzed (RH),99mTcO4- and [99mTc(cysteine)2]-complex were completely separated from the radiopharmaceutical, which moved toward the front of chromatographic systems while impurities were retained at the origin. The time required for analysis was 4 to 15 min, which is appropriate for nuclear medicine routines.

Effect of chloride dialysate concentration on metabolic acidosis in aintenance hemodialysis patients

Hyperchloremia is one of the multiple etiologies of metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of chloride dialysate on metabolic acidosis control in this population. We enrolled 30 patients in maintenance HD program with a standard base excess (SBE) ≤2 mEq/L and urine output of less than 100 mL/24 h. The patients underwent dialysis three times per week with a chloride dialysate concentration of 111 mEq/L for 4 weeks, and thereafter with a chloride dialysate concentration of 107 mEq/L for the next 4 weeks. Arterial blood was drawn immediately before the second dialysis session of the week at the end of each phase, and the Stewart physicochemical approach was applied. The strong ion gap (SIG) decreased (from 7.5 ± 2.0 to 6.2 ± 1.9 mEq/L, P = 0.006) and the standard base excess (SBE) increased after the use of 107 mEq/L chloride dialysate (from -6.64 ± 1.7 to -4.73 ± 1.9 mEq/L, P < 0.0001). ∆SBE was inversely correlated with ∆SIG during the phases of the study (Pearson r = -0.684, P < 0.0001) and there was no correlation with ∆chloride. When we applied the Stewart model, we demonstrated that the lower concentration of chloride dialysate interfered with the control of metabolic acidosis in HD patients, surprisingly, through the effect on unmeasured anions.

Estudo genético-quantitativo de características de crescimento na raça Tabapuã / A genetic-quantitative study of growth traits in Tabapuã cattle

Estimaram-se os componentes de variância e covariância e as herdabilidades para os efeitos direto e materno, as correlações entre os efeitos direto e materno e a fração de ambiente permanente na variação total, utilizando-se o aplicativo MTDFREML, para os pesos ao nascer (PN), à desmama ajustado para 205 dias (P205), aos 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade na raça Tabapuã, para avaliar o efeito materno e a associação dos efeitos direto e materno sobre características de crescimento. Os dados, provenientes do programa de controle ponderal da raça, foram registrados na fazenda Agua Milagrosa, município de Tabapuã, São Paulo, no período de 1978 a 2002. As herdabilidades direta e materna foram: 0,32, 0,10; 0,20, 0,17; 0,21, 0,06 e 0,16; 0,03, para os pesos ao nascer, à desmama, aos 365 e 550 dias, respectivamente. As correlações entre os efeitos direto e materno para a mesma seqüência de pesos foram: -0,10; -0,20; -0,11 e -0,15. As frações do efeito de meio permanente na variância total foram: 1,41x10-6; 2,5x10-7; 2,4x10-7 e 4,0x10-6. Recomenda-se a inclusão do efeito materno nos esquemas de seleção de características de crescimento na raça Tabapuã.

The variance and covariance components, heritability for direct and maternal effects, correlations between direct and maternal effects and permanent environmental component of variance were estimated, using the REML methodology for birth weight (BW), weaning weight adjusted for 205 days (W205), weights at 365 (W365) and at 550 (W550) days of age in Tabapuã animals. Maternal effect and the association between direct and maternal effects on growth traits were estimated. Animal records from 1978 to 2002 are from Fazenda Agua Milagrosa, located at São Paulo State. The direct and maternal heritability were, respectively, 0.32, 0.10; 0.20, 0.17; 0.21, 0.06 and 0.16; 0.03, for birth weight, weaning weight, weights at 365 and at 550 days of age. The correlations between direct and maternal effects for the same sequence of weights were -0.10; -0.20; -0.11 and -0.15. The fractions of permanent environmental of the phenotypic variance were 1.41x10-6; 2.5x10-7; 2,4x10-7 and 4.0x10-6. The inclusion of maternal effect is recommended for growth traits evaluation of Tabapuã animals for selection purpose.

Evaluation of the efficacy of vacuum cleaners for the integrated control of brown spider Loxosceles intermedia

Some venomous spiders of the genus Loxosceles can reach high population densities inside and around houses. In Brazil, most spider accidents are related to Loxosceles intermedia. Control of loxoscelism should utilize integrated pest management tools, such as vacuum cleaners, to eliminate egg sacs, webs and spiders. The present study tested the efficacy of one type of vacuum cleaner (for professional and domestic use) in the control of L. intermedia populations. Cockroaches (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) were used in some tests for comparison. Vacuuming using standard accessories or a paper tube resulted in the death of all female (n=60), male (n=60), young (n=60) and just-hatched (n=60) L. intermedia, and all egg sacs (n=5) were destroyed. The removal of the plastic plate present at the bottom of the vacuuming tube inside the machine allowed some spiders to survive the vacuuming process. When kept inside a vacuum bag full of dust and debris, adult females (n=10) survived for 10 days; however, significant mortality was observed among male (n=10) and young individuals (n=10). Addition of cornstarch to the vacuum bag did not affect the spiders (n=20). Vacuum cleaners, such as the one used in the present investigation, are promising tools for integrated management of L. intermedia and other spiders in domestic environments.(AU)

The use of scintigraphy to identify and localize the mammary sentinel lymph nodes in female dogs: prognostic value

The article has no abstract.

Experiental evaluation of brain spect using d, 1 - HMPAO 99m Tc in dogs. Anatomo-physiological implications

O d, 1-Hexametilpropileno oxima marcado com o tecnécio-99m (potência 99m Tc-HMPAO) é um importante radiofármaco usado tanto para imagens tomográficas cerebrais quanto na marcaçäo "in vitro" de leucócitos. A crescente utilizaçäo deste radiofármaco no estudo de doenças neurológicas no homem levou-nos à obtençäo de "kits" de HMPAO para ser marcado pelo tecnécio-99m. Neste trabalho apresentamos o estudo experimental efetuado com "kits" liofilizados de d, 1-HMPAO elevado à 99mTc desenvolvidos em nosos laboratórios, comparando inclusive com aqueles encontrados no comércio. As imagens cerebrais inicialmente foram feitas em coelhos, entretanto os melhores resultados foram obtidos em cäes. Assim, selecionaram-se seis cäes sem raça definida, considerados clinicamente normais para obtençäo das imagens cintilográficas do cérebro e o "washout" das regiöes de interesse (ROIs). Os estudos experimentais em animais e a considerável reduçäo do custo do radiofármaco mostrou-nos a possibilidade da utilizaçäo destes exames na clínica veterinária, especialmente de pequenos animais. Por outro lado, a perfusäo do d, 1-HMPAO elevado à 99mTc mostra que a concentraçäo do radiofármaco se faz ao mesmo tempo na regiäo do cérebro e nas fossas nasais, demonstrando a existência de estruturas iguais às da barreira hemo-encefálica nesta última regiäo