Major discrepancy between clinical diagnosis of death and anatomopathological findings in adolescents with chronic diseases during 18-years

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the inconsistency between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings in adolescents with chronic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study including a sample of adolescents' autopsies who died in a pediatric and adolescent tertiary hospital over 18 consecutive years. During this period, there were n = 2912 deaths, and n = 581/2912(20%) occurred in adolescents. Of these, n = 85/581(15%) underwent autopsies and were analyzed. Further results were divided into two groups: Goldman classes I or II (high disagreement between main clinical diagnosis of death and anatomopathological findings, n = 26) and Goldman classes III, IV or V (low or no disagreement between these two parameters, n = 59). Results: Median age at death (13.5 [10‒19] vs. 13 [10‒19] years, p = 0.495) and disease duration (22 [0‒164] vs. 20 [0‒200] months, p = 0.931), and frequencies for males (58% vs. 44%, p = 0.247) were similar between class I/II vs. class III/IV/V. The frequency of pneumonia (73% vs. 48%, p = 0.029), pulmonary abscess (12% vs. 0%, p = 0.026), as well as isolation of yeast (27% vs. 5%, p = 0.008), and virus (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.029) identified in the autopsy, were significantly higher in adolescents with Goldman class I/II compared to those with Goldman class III/IV/V. In contrast, cerebral edema was significantly lower in adolescents of the first group (4% vs. 25%, p = 0.018). Conclusion: This study showed that 30% of the adolescents with chronic diseases had major discrepancies between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings. Pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, as well as isolation of yeast and virus were more frequently identified at autopsy findings in the groups with major discrepancies.

Radiological patterns of pulmonary fungal infection in pediatric hematology and oncology patients

Abstract Objective: To describe the radiological findings in pediatric patients with hematological or oncological diseases who also have an invasive fungal infection (IFI). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of all patients with IFI admitted to a pediatric hematology and oncology hospital in Brazil between 2008 and 2014. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients were reviewed by two independent radiologists. Results: We evaluated the chest CT scans of 40 pediatric patients diagnosed with an IFI. Twenty-seven patients (67.5%) had nodules with the halo sign, seven (17.5%) had cavities, two (5.0%) had nodules without the halo sign, and seven (17.5%) had consolidation. The patients with the halo sign and cavities were older (123 vs. 77 months of age; p = 0.03) and had less severe disease (34% vs. 73%; p = 0.04). Ten patients had a proven IFI: with Aspergillus sp. (n = 4); with Candida sp. (n = 5); or with Fusarium sp. (n = 1). Conclusion: A diagnosis of IFI should be considered in children and adolescents with risk factors and abnormal CT scans, even if the imaging findings are nonspecific.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados radiológicos de infecções fúngicas invasivas em crianças com doenças onco-hematológicas em um único centro, de acordo com a classificação antiga e a atual de imagens típicas e atípicas. Materiais e Métodos: Foram revisados os prontuários de todos os pacientes com infecção fúngica invasiva que foram internados em um hospital pediátrico de oncologia e hematologia de 2008 a 2014. Foram coletados dados clínicos e demográficos. As tomografias de tórax dos pacientes foram laudadas por dois radiologistas independentes. Resultados: Foram identificados 40 pacientes com infecção fúngica invasiva que realizaram tomografias de tórax. Vinte e sete pacientes apresentaram nódulos com sinal do halo (67,5%), sete tiveram cavitações (17,5%), dois tiveram nódulos sem halo (5,0%) e sete apresentaram consolidações (17,5%). Os pacientes que apresentavam achados de nódulos com sinal do halo e cavitações eram mais velhos (123 versus 77 meses; p = 0,03) e tinham menos sinais de doença grave (34% versus 73%; p = 0,04) do que os outros pacientes. Dez crianças apresentaram infecção confirmada (Aspergillus sp., n = 4; Candida sp., n = 5; Fusarium sp., n = 1). Conclusão: O diagnóstico de infecção fúngica invasiva deve ser considerado em crianças com fatores de risco e tomografias de tórax alteradas, mesmo que os achados das imagens sejam inespecíficos.

SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus infections: are there differences in clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities, and outcomes in the pediatric population?

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses in pediatric patients. Between April 17 and September 30, 2020, we collected 1,566 respiratory samples from 1,044 symptomatic patients who were younger than 18 years old to assess SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these, 919 were analyzed for other respiratory pathogens (ORP). Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or ORP were included. We evaluated 76 pediatric COVID-19 infections and 157 other respiratory virus infections. Rhinovirus occurred in 132/157 (84%). COVID-19 patients who were significantly older, had more fevers, headaches and pneumonia than those with ORP. The median white blood cell count was lower in patients with SARS-CoV-2 than in those with ORP (6,470 versus 8,170; p=0.02). COVID-19 patients had significantly worse symptoms than those with ORP.

Technical performance of a lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases and at different times after vaccination: comparison with enzyme and chemiluminescent immunoassays

ABSTRACT This study assessed the technical performance of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and compared LFIA results with chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) results and an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA). To this end, a total of 216 whole blood or serum samples from three groups were analyzed: the first group was composed of 68 true negative cases corresponding to blood bank donors, healthy young volunteers, and eight pediatric patients diagnosed with other coronavirus infections. The serum samples from these participants were obtained and stored in a pre-COVID-19 period, thus they were not expected to have COVID-19. In the second group of true positive cases, we chose to replace natural cases of COVID-19 by 96 participants who were expected to have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies 30-60 days after the vaccine booster dose. The serum samples were collected on the same day that LFIA were tested either by EIA or CLIA. The third study group was composed of 52 participants (12 adults and 40 children) who did or did not have anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies due to specific clinical scenarios. The 12 adults had been vaccinated more than seven months before LFIA testing, and the 40 children had non-severe COVID-19 diagnosed using RT-PCR during the acute phase of infection. They were referred for outpatient follow-up and during this period the serum samples were collected and tested by CLIA and LFIA. All tests were performed by the same healthcare operator and there was no variation of LFIA results when tests were performed on finger prick whole blood or serum samples, so that results were grouped for analysis. LFIA's sensitivity in detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 90%, specificity 97.6%, efficiency 93%, PPV 98.3%, NPV 86.6%, and likelihood ratio for a positive or a negative result were 37.5 and 0.01 respectively. There was a good agreement (Kappa index of 0.677) between LFIA results and serological (EIA or CLIA) results. In conclusion, LFIA analyzed in this study showed a good technical performance and agreement with reference serological assays (EIA or CLIA), therefore it can be recommended for use in the outpatient follow-up of non-severe cases of COVID-19 and to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody production induced by vaccination and the antibodies decrease over time. However, LFIAs should be confirmed by using reference serological assays whenever possible.

Seroconversion in asymptomatic COVID-19 pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases of one tertiary referral hospital

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate seroconverted asymptomatic COVID-19 in pediatric Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (ARDs) patients and to identify the risk factors related to contagion. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2021, before vaccination of children and adolescents in Brazil, including 77 pediatric ARDs patients, followed at a tertiary hospital and 45 healthy controls, all of them without a previous diagnosis of COVID-19. Data was obtained by a questionnaire with demographic data, symptoms compatible with COVID-19 over the previous year, and contact with people with confirmed COVID-19. Patient's medical records were reviewed to access data regarding disease and current medications. A qualitative immunochromatographic SARS-CoV-2 test was performed on all participants. Results: Patients and controls were similar in terms of female gender (70.1% vs. 57.8%, p = 0.173), age (14 vs. 13 years, p = 0.269) and SARS-CoV-2 positive serology (22% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.481). 80.5% of rheumatic patients were in use of immunosuppressive drugs: 27.3% of them used corticosteroids (33.3% in high doses), and 7.8% on immunobiologicals. No statistical differences were found between positive (n = 17) and negative serology (n = 60) patients regarding demographic/socioeconomic data, contact with people with confirmed COVID-19, use and number of immunosuppressive drugs, use and dose of corticosteroids, use of hydroxychloroquine and immunobiological drugs (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Pediatric rheumatic disease patients were infected at the same rate as healthy ones. Neither the underlying pathology nor its immunosuppressive treatment seemed to interfere with contagion risk.

Persistent symptoms and decreased health-related quality of life after symptomatic pediatric COVID-19: A prospective study in a Latin American tertiary hospital

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate demographic, anthropometric and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) METHODS: This was a longitudinal observational study of surviving pediatric post-COVID-19 patients (n=53) and pediatric subjects without laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 included as controls (n=52) was performed. RESULTS: The median duration between COVID-19 diagnosis (n=53) and follow-up was 4.4 months (0.8-10.7). Twenty-three of 53 (43%) patients reported at least one persistent symptom at the longitudinal follow-up visit and 12/53 (23%) had long COVID-19, with at least one symptom lasting for >12 weeks. The most frequently reported symptoms at the longitudinal follow-up visit were headache (19%), severe recurrent headache (9%), tiredness (9%), dyspnea (8%), and concentration difficulty (4%). At the longitudinal follow-up visit, the frequencies of anemia (11% versus 0%, p=0.030), lymphopenia (42% versus 18%, p=0.020), C-reactive protein level of >30 mg/L (35% versus 0%, p=0.0001), and D-dimer level of >1000 ng/mL (43% versus 6%, p=0.0004) significantly reduced compared with baseline values. Chest X-ray abnormalities (11% versus 2%, p=0.178) and cardiac alterations on echocardiogram (33% versus 22%, p=0.462) were similar at both visits. Comparison of characteristic data between patients with COVID-19 at the longitudinal follow-up visit and controls showed similar age (p=0.962), proportion of male sex (p=0.907), ethnicity (p=0.566), family minimum monthly wage (p=0.664), body mass index (p=0.601), and pediatric pre-existing chronic conditions (p=1.000). The Pediatric Quality of Live Inventory 4.0 scores, median physical score (69 [0-100] versus 81 [34-100], p=0.012), and school score (60 [15-100] versus 70 [15-95], p=0.028) were significantly lower in pediatric patients with COVID-19 at the longitudinal follow-up visit than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with COVID-19 showed a longitudinal impact on HRQoL parameters, particularly in physical/school domains, reinforcing the need for a prospective multidisciplinary approach for these patients. These data highlight the importance of closer monitoring of children and adolescents by the clinical team after COVID-19.

Differences in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cohort study in a Brazilian tertiary referral hospital

OBJECTIVES: To compare demographic/clinical/laboratory/treatments and outcomes among children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included patients diagnosed with pediatric COVID-19 (aged <18 years) between April 11, 2020 and April 22, 2021. During this period, 102/5,951 (1.7%) of all admissions occurred in neonates, children, and adolescents. Furthermore, 3,962 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection samples were processed in patients aged <18 years, and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 occurred in 155 (4%) inpatients and outpatients. Six/155 pediatric patients were excluded from the study. Therefore, the final group included 149 children and adolescents (n=97 inpatients and 52 outpatients) with positive SARS-CoV-2 results. RESULTS: The frequencies of sore throat, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, myalgia, nausea, lymphopenia, pre-existing chronic conditions, immunosuppressive conditions, and autoimmune diseases were significantly reduced in children and adolescents (p<0.05). Likewise, the frequencies of enoxaparin use (p=0.037), current immunosuppressant use (p=0.008), vasoactive agents (p=0.045), arterial hypotension (p<0.001), and shock (p=0.024) were significantly lower in children than in adolescents. Logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 had increased odds ratios (ORs) for sore throat (OR 13.054; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.750-61.977; p=0.001), nausea (OR 8.875; 95% CI 1.660-47.446; p=0.011), and lymphopenia (OR 3.575; 95% CI 1.355-9.430; p=0.010), but also had less hospitalizations (OR 0.355; 95% CI 0.138-0.916; p=0.032). The additional logistic regression analysis on patients with preexisting chronic conditions (n=108) showed that death as an outcome was significantly associated with pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (OR 22.300; 95% CI 2.341-212.421; p=0.007) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (OR 11.261; 95% CI 1.189-106. 581; p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Half of the laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases occurred in adolescents. Individuals belonging to this age group had an acute systemic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatric SARS and MIS-C were the most important factors associated with the mortality rate in pediatric chronic conditions with COVID-19.

Fadiga mental ocasionada por tarefa cognitiva de imagética motora: análise sistemática / Mental failure occurred by the cognitive task of motor imagine: systematic analysis

O objetivo geral deste estudo é analisar, por meio da revisão sistemática da literatura, os efeitos da fadiga mental provocada por uma tarefa cognitiva de imagética motora. Para a análise literária, foram utilizados os bancos de dados eletrônicos: Public Medline (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) e Scopus. Foram analisados estudos experimentais, realizados em humanos, nos idiomas português e inglês, publicados de 2004 a 2019. As palavras chaves utilizadas foram: motor imagery/ imagética motora, sustained attention/ atenção sustentada e mental fadigue/ fadiga mental. A tarefa de Imagética Motora (IM) é definida como uma execução mental do movimento do corpo, entretanto, sem nenhuma saída motora. Alguns autores sugerem que o indivíduo começaria a desenvolver fadiga acima de 60 trilhas de imagética motora. Dessa forma, pode comprometer os resultados de protocolos terapêuticos e/ou desportivos, além de desempenhar um risco eminente de problemas de saúde, como é o caso das doenças cardiovasculares, epiléticas e Karoshi (morte por excesso de trabalho). Sendo assim, em tarefas mais prolongadas, a fadiga mental diminui o desempenho na tarefa e aumenta o tempo para a sua execução. Portanto, conclui-se que o tempo da tarefa cognitiva interfere no tempo de reação devido a fadiga mental provocado pela tarefa cognitiva de atenção sustentada.

The general objective of this study is to analyze the effects of mental fatigue caused by cognitive task of motor imagery through the systematic analysis of the literature. For the literary analysis we used the electronic databases: Public Medline (PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) and Scopus. The experimental studieswere performed in humans, both Portuguese and English, published from 2004 to 2019. The keywords used were motor imagery, sustained attention and mental fatigue. The task of Motor Imagery (IM) it is as a mental execution of body movement, however, with not motor output response. Some authors suggest people begin to develop fatigue that over 60 tracks of motor imagery. In this way, it can compromise the results of therapeutic and/or sports protocols, as well as pose an imminent risk of health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, epilepsy and Karoshi (death from overwork). Thus, in longer tasks, mental fatigue decreases performance on the task and increases the time for its execution. Therefore, it is conclusion that time of the cognitive task interferes in the reaction time due to the mental fatigue caused by the cognitive task of sustained attention.

Update on the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 in pediatric patients

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), became a pandemic in March 2020, affecting millions of people worldwide. However, COVID-19 in pediatric patients represents 1-5% of all cases, and the risk for developing severe disease and critical illness is much lower in children with COVID-19 than in adults. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a possible complication of COVID-19, has been described as a hyperinflammatory condition with multiorgan involvement similar to that in Kawasaki disease or toxic shock syndrome in children with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review presents an update on the diagnostic methods for COVID-19, including reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, serology tests, and imaging, and summarizes the current recommendations for the management of the disease. Particular emphasis is placed on respiratory support, which includes noninvasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation strategies according to lung compliance and pattern of lung injury. Pharmacological treatment, including pathogen-targeted drugs and host-directed therapies, has been addressed. The diagnostic criteria and management of MIS-C are also summarized.

Severe clinical spectrum with high mortality in pediatric patients with COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcomes of pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 471 samples collected from 371 patients (age<18 years) suspected of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The study group comprised 66/371 (18%) laboratory-confirmed pediatric COVID-19 patients: 61 (92.5%) patients tested positive on real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2, and 5 (7.5%) patients tested positive on serological tests. MIS-C was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Center for Disease Control. RESULTS: MIS-C was diagnosed in 6/66 (9%) patients. The frequencies of diarrhea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain (67% vs. 22%, p=0.034); pediatric SARS (67% vs. 13%, p=0.008); hypoxemia (83% vs. 23%, p=0.006); and arterial hypotension (50% vs. 3%, p=0.004) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C than in those without MIS-C. The frequencies of C-reactive protein levels >50 mg/L (83% vs. 25%, p=0.008) and D-dimer levels >1000 ng/mL (100% vs. 40%, p=0.007) and the median D-dimer, troponin T, and ferritin levels (p<0.05) were significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. The frequencies of pediatric intensive care unit admission (100% vs. 60%, p=0.003), mechanical ventilation (83% vs. 7%, p<0.001), vasoactive agent use (83% vs. 3%, p<0.001), shock (83% vs. 5%, p<0.001), cardiac abnormalities (100% vs. 2%, p<0.001), and death (67% vs. 3%, p<0.001) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Similarly, the frequencies of oxygen therapy (100% vs. 33%, p=0.003), intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (67% vs. 2%, p<0.001), aspirin therapy (50% vs. 0%, p<0.001), and current acute renal replacement therapy (50% vs. 2%, p=0.002) were also significantly higher in patients with MIS-C. Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of MIS-C was significantly associated with gastrointestinal manifestations [odds ratio (OR)=10.98; 95%CI (95% confidence interval)=1.20-100.86; p=0.034] and hypoxemia [OR=16.85; 95%CI=1.34-211.80; p=0.029]. Further univariate analysis showed a positive association between MIS-C and death [OR=58.00; 95%CI=6.39-526.79; p<0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with MIS-C had a severe clinical spectrum with a high mortality rate. Our study emphasizes the importance of investigating MIS-C in pediatric patients with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal involvement and hypoxemia.

Mortality in adolescents and young adults with chronic diseases during 16 years: a study in a Latin American tertiary hospital / Mortalidade entre adolescentes e adultos jovens com doenças crônicas durante 16 anos: estudo em um hospital terciário da América Latina

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate mortality in adolescents and young adult patients with chronic diseases followed in a Latin American tertiary hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in a tertiary/academic hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Death occurred in 529/2850 (18.5%) adolescents and young adult patients with chronic diseases, and 25/529 (4.7%) were excluded due to incomplete medical charts. Therefore, 504 deaths were evaluated. Results: Deaths occurred in 316/504 (63%) of early adolescent patients and in 188/504 (37%) of late adolescent/young adult patients. Further comparisons between early adolescents (n = 316) and late adolescent/young adult patients (n = 188) with pediatric chronic diseases at the last hospitalization showed that the median disease duration (22.0 [0-173] vs. 43.0 [0-227] months, p < 0.001) was significantly lower in early adolescents vs. late adolescent/young adult patients. The median number of previous hospitalizations was significantly lower in the former group (4.0 [1-45] vs. 6.0 [1-52], p < 0.001), whereas the last hospitalization in intensive care unit was significantly higher (60% vs. 47%, p = 0.003). Regarding supportive measures, palliative care was significantly lower in the younger group compared to the older group (33% vs. 43%, p = 0.02). The frequencies of renal replacement therapy (22% vs. 13%, p = 0.02), vasoactive agents (65% vs. 54%, p = 0.01), and transfusion of blood products (75% vs. 66%, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in the younger group. The five most important etiologies of pediatric chronic diseases were: neoplasias (54.2%), hepatic diseases/transplantation (10%), human immunodeficiency virus (5.9%), and childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (4.9%). Autopsy was performed in 58/504 (11%), and discordance between clinical and postmortem diagnoses was evidenced in 24/58 (41.3%). Conclusions: Almost 20% of deaths occurred in adolescents and young adults with distinct supportive care and severe disease patterns. Discordance between clinical diagnosis and autopsy was frequently observed.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a mortalidade entre adolescentes e pacientes adultos jovens com doenças crônicas acompanhados em um hospital terciário na América Latina. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo transversal em um hospital terciário/universitário no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Houve mortalidade de 529/2.850(18,5%) pacientes adolescentes e adultos jovens com doenças crônicas, porém 25/529(4,7%) foram excluídos devido a prontuários médicos incompletos. Portanto, foram avaliados 504 óbitos. Resultados: Ocorrem 316/504(63%) óbitos entre pacientes no início da adolescência e 188/504(37%) pacientes no fim da adolescência/adultos jovens. As comparações adicionais entre os pacientes no início da adolescência (n = 316) e no fim da adolescência/pacientes jovens (n = 188) com doenças crônicas pediátricas na última internação mostraram que a duração média da doença [22,0 (0-173) em comparação com 43,0 (0-227) meses, p < 0,001], foi significativamente menor nos pacientes no início da adolescência em comparação com os pacientes no fim da adolescência/adultos jovens. O número médio de internação anterior foi significativamente menor no primeiro grupo [4,0 (1-45) em comparação com 6,0 (1-52), p < 0,001], ao passo que a última internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi significativamente maior (60% em comparação com 47%, p = 0,003). Com relação a medidas de suporte, o cuidado paliativo foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes no início da adolescência em comparação com o grupo de pacientes no fim da adolescência (33% em comparação com 43%, p = 0,02). As frequências de terapia de substituição renal (22% em comparação com 13%, p = 0,02), agentes vasoativos (65% em comparação com 54%, p = 0,01) e transfusão de hemoderivados (75% em comparação com 66%, p = 0,03) foram significativamente maiores no primeiro grupo. As cinco etiologias mais importantes de doenças crônicas pediátricas foram: neoplasias (54,2%), doenças hepáticas/transplante (10%), vírus da imunodeficiência humana (5,9%), lúpus eritematoso sistêmico de início na infância e artrite idiopática juvenil (4,9%). Foi feita autópsia em 58/504 (11%) e a discordância entre os diagnósticos clínico e pós-morte foi comprovada em 24/58 (41,3%). Conclusões: Quase 20% dos óbitos ocorreram em adolescentes e adultos jovens com diferentes padrões de cuidados de suporte e doenças graves. A discordância entre o diagnóstico clínico e a necropsia foi frequentemente observada.

A Brazilian university hospital position regarding transplantation criteria for HIV-positive patients according to the current literature

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was considered a contraindication for solid organ transplantation (SOT) in the past. However, HIV management has improved since highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available in 1996, and the long-term survival of patients living with HIV has led many transplant programs to reevaluate their policies regarding the exclusion of patients with HIV infection. Based on the available data in the medical literature and the cumulative experience of transplantation in HIV-positive patients at our hospital, the aim of the present article is to outline the criteria for transplantation in HIV-positive patients as recommended by the Immunocompromised Host Committee of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo.

Percepção de professores e gestores de educação sobre a inclusão de crianças com deficiência visual / Education managers and teacher's perception on the inclusion of children with visual impairment

Introdução: Deficiência visual é a perda de visão e interpretação de imagens visuais, com relação direta na qualidade do desenvolvimento global infantil. O programa de orientação e mobilidade escolar é um eficaz e importante facilitador na integração social e no sucesso escolar de crianças com deficiência visual. Objetivo: identificar a percepção de gestores educacionais e professores de crianças com deficiência visual na inclusão das mesmas no ensino regular, bem como suas dificuldades diretas durante o manejo pedagógico diário. Método: as etapas seguidas nesta pesquisa foram: construção e aplicação dos questionários; triagem das dúvidas dos participantes; reconstrução e reaplicação dos questionários. Resultados e Discussão: constatamos que as escolas de uma forma geral, não apresentam estrutura física que possibilitem a inclusão de alunos com algum tipo de deficiência, levando a riscos na locomoção dos mesmos ou limitando o acesso e permanência destes no ensino regular, sendo que 88% dos profissionais entrevistados não possuíam capacitação em educação especial. A falta de capacitação dos professores e ausência de adaptações na sala de ensino regular foram os principais responsáveis pelas dificuldades relatadas pelos professores para um eficiente processo de ensino aprendizagem associado à inclusão escolar. Conclusão: parte das crianças com deficiência visual está inserida no ensino regular, apesar das escolas não estarem adaptadas para recebê-las. Mas, sugere-se novas pesquisas levando em consideração opinião dos alunos com deficiência visual sobre os aspectos pesquisados, o seu grau de satisfação quanto o processo de ensino oferecido pela escola e sua orientação e mobilidade no âmbito escolar.

Introduction: Visual impairment is the loss of vision and interpretation of visual images, with direct relation on the quality of children's overall development. The guidance and student mobility program is an effective and important facilitator in social integration and the school success of children with visual impairment. Objective: identify the perception of education managers and teachers of children with visual disabilities in inclusion in regular education, as well as its direct difficulties during daily teaching management. Method: the steps followed in this research were: construction and application of questionnaires; screening of questions from participants; reconstruction and reapplication of the questionnaires. Results and Discussion: we found that schools in general, have no physical structure to enable the inclusion of students with a disability, taking the risks in getting them or limiting access and permanence of these in mainstream education, with 88% of respondents professionals they had no training in special education. The lack of training of teachers and lack of adjustments in regular education room were the main responsible for the difficulties reported by teachers for effective teaching and learning process associated with school inclusion. Conclusion: part of visually impaired children are placed in regular schools, although schools are not adapted to receive them. But it is suggested further research taking into account the opinion of visually impaired students on the aspects surveyed, their degree of satisfaction with the process of teaching offered by the school and its orientation and mobility in schools.

Miliary tuberculosis: a severe opportunistic infection in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients / Tuberculose miliar: infecção oportunista grave em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil

Abstract Introduction One of the main issues in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) patients is infection, such as tuberculosis (TB). Of note, SLE patients are susceptible to pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. However, to our knowledge, this contagious disease was rarely reported in pediatric lupus population, particularly diffuse or miliary TB. Therefore, from January 1983 to December 2011, 5,635 patients were followed-up at our Pediatric Rheumatology Unit and 285 (5%) of them met the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE. Case reports Four (1.4%) of our JSLE patients had disseminated TB and were described herein. All of them were female gender, received BCG vaccination and did not have a history of TB household contact. The median of current age at TB diagnosis and the period between JSLE and TB diagnosis were 17 years old (range 14-20) and 5.5 years (range 2-7), respectively. All patients developed miliary TB during the course of the disease. The median of SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) was 4 (2-16) and the patients were treated with immunosuppressive agents (glucocorticoid, azathioprine and/or intravenous cyclophosphamide). Two of them presented sepsis and TB diagnosis was only established at autopsy, especially with lungs, central nervous system and abdominal involvements. Anti-TB therapy (isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide) was indicated in the other two TB cases, however they deceased. Discussion Miliary TB is a rare and severe opportunist infection in pediatric lupus population. This study reinforces the importance of routine searches for TB in JSLE patients.

Resumo Introdução Um dos principais problemas no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil (LESJ) é a infecção, como a tuberculose (TB). É importante observar que pacientes com LES são suscetíveis à tuberculose pulmonar e extrapulmonar. No entanto, de acordo com o que se sabe, essa doença contagiosa é raramente relatada na população pediátrica com lúpus, particularmente a TB difusa ou miliar. De janeiro de 1983 a dezembro de 2011, 5.635 pacientes foram acompanhados na Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica; 285 deles (5%) preencheram os critérios de classificação para LES do American College of Rheumatology. Relatos de caso Quatro (1,4%) de nossos pacientes com LESJ tinham tuberculose disseminada e foram descritos neste estudo. Todos eram do sexo feminino, receberam a vacina BCG e não tinham história de contato domiciliar com a TB. A mediana da idade no momento do diagnóstico da TB e o período entre os diagnósticos de LES e tuberculose foram de 17 anos (variação de 14 a 20) e 5,5 anos (variação de dois a sete), respectivamente. Todas as pacientes desenvolveram tuberculose miliar durante o curso da doença. A mediana no SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) foi de 4 (2 a 16) e as pacientes foram tratadas com agentes imunossupressores (glicocorticoides, azatioprina e/ou ciclofosfamida intravenosa). Duas delas apresentaram sepse e o diagnóstico de tuberculose só foi determinado na necropsia, com envolvimento especialmente dos pulmões, do sistema nervoso central e do abdome. A terapia antituberculose (isoniazida, rifampicina e pirazinamida) foi indicada nos outros dois casos de TB; porém, as pacientes foram a óbito. Discussão A TB miliar é uma infecção oportunista rara e grave na população pediátrica com lúpus. Este estudo reforça a importância de pesquisas de rotina para TB em pacientes com LESJ.

Caracterização de fatores sociais e de saúde de alunos da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade da USC-Bauru / Characteristics of social and health factors of students at Third Age University at USC-Bauru

Introdução: o envelhecimento é considerado um fenômeno mundial e a Organização Mundial da Saúde aponta três pilares do envelhecimento ativo: participação, saúde e segurança. O Estatuto do Idoso Brasileiro recomenda a viabilização da participação, ocupação e convívio do idoso (DIÁRIO OFICIAL DA UNIÃO, 2003). Universidades abertas à terceira idade (UATIs) promovem o envelhecimento ativo e saudável, a UATI-USC possibilita a formação contínua a adultos-idosos, possibilitando a melhoria na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: caracterizar fatores sociais e de saúde de alunos matriculados no ano de 2015 na UATI-USC. Metodologia: realizou-se pesquisa longitudinal de janeiro a dezembro de 2015, com amostra 172 indivíduos regularmente matriculados. O instrumento de registro de dados continha perguntas abertas e fechadas, de caracterização, dados sociodemográficos, saúde e informações extras. Resultados e discussão: da amostra, 90 participantes responderam no primeiro e 82 no segundo semestre de 2015. Observou-se predomínio do sexo feminino (83,7%), faixa etária de 61 a 70 anos (39%), 38,4% casados e predominância de superior completo (39,5%) e pós-graduação (17,4%). Esses dados confirmam a possibilidade da UATI como local propício para melhora na qualidade de vida e serviços aos idosos no meio universitário. Conclusão: as UATIs são importantes veículos para informações nos três níveis de saúde do idoso. Essa caracterização deve ser considerada na programação de ações educativas e de saúde, não somente aos participantes, mas também a outros possíveis alunos que poderão se beneficiar de suas atividades. (AU)

Introduction: aging is considered a worldwide phenomenon and the World Health Organization identifies three pillars of active aging: participation, health and safety. The Brazilian Statute of the Elderly recommends enabling participation, occupation and living of the elderly (Official Gazette, 2003). Universities open to the seniors (UOS) promote active and healthy aging, UOS-USC provides continuing education to adults-elderly, enabling improved quality of life. Objective: to characterize social and health factors of students enrolled in 2015 at UOS-USC. Methods: we conducted longitudinal research from January to December 2015, with sample 172 individuals enrolled. The data logging instrument contained open and closed questions as characterization, demographic data, health and extra information. Results and Discussion: out of the sample, 90 participants responded in the first and 82 in the second half of 2015. There was a predominance of females (83.7%), aged 61-70 years (39%), 38.4% married and the predominance of higher complete (39.5%) and graduate (17.4%). These data confirm the possibility of UOS as a place conducive to improved quality of life and services for the elderly in the university environment. Conclusion: UOS are important vehicles for information on the three levels of health of the elderly. This characterization should be considered in programmi educational activities and health, not only the participants, but also to other prospective students who may benefit from its activities. (AU)

Escala de equilíbrio de Berg: instrumentalização para avaliar qualidade de vida de idosos / Berg balance range: protocol to evaluate quality of life of elderly

Introdução: o processo de envelhecimento fisiológico afeta variados sistemas de nosso organismo, inclusive nosso equilíbrio, produzindo mudanças progressivas no controle postural de cada pessoa. O fisioterapeuta desempenha um papel crucial junto a essa população, atuando na prevenção e diminuição dos possíveis comprometimentos adquiridos por esta retrogênese e auxiliando na adaptação dos indivíduos a essa fase da vida. Objetivo: avaliar, quantificar e analisar a funcionalidade e fatores associados, em idosos residentes em uma instituição de longa permanência (ILP) da cidade de Parnaíba-PI. Metodologia: realizou-se uma pesquisa transversal, composta por 28 indivíduos idosos institucionalizados em uma ILP, com a utilização de três instrumentos: Protocolo de Dados Sociodemográficos, Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg e Avaliação Analógica da Dor. Realizaram-se análises estatísticas quantitativas e descritivas, para dados nominais não emparelhados. Resultados: somente 02 atingiram a pontuação máxima de 56 pontos, correspondendo ao equilíbrio excelente. Na avaliação do N total, 02 idosos tiveram pontuação mínima (0 pontos) referente a um equilíbrio severamente prejudicado. O sexo feminino de modo geral, apresentou maior déficit de equilíbrio quando comparado ao sexo masculino. Conclusão: os resultados do estudo mostraram que as mulheres idosas apresentam maior perda funcional do equilíbrio, no processo de retrogênese normal, assim apresentando a alta probabilidade de sofrerem quedas no decorrer de suas atividades de vida diária.

Introduction: the physiological aging process affects various systems of our body, including our balance, producing progressive changes in postural control of each person. The physiotherapist plays a crucial role with this population, working on the prevention and reduction of possible commitments acquired by this retrogenesis and assisting in the adaptation of individuals to that stage of life. The objective was to evaluate, quantify and analyze the functionality and associated factors in elderly residents in long term care facilities (LTF) from the city of Parnaíba-Piauí. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional survey, consisting of 28 institutionalized elderly individuals in a LTF, using three instruments: Socio-Demographic Data Protocol, Berg Balance Scale and Analog Pain Assessment. There were analyzes quantitative and descriptive statistics for unpaired nominal data. Results: only 02 reached the maximum score of 56 points, corresponding to the outstanding balance. In the evaluation of the total N, 02 elderly had minimal score (0 points) for a severely impaired balance. The women generally showed greater balance deficit as compared to males. Conclusion: the results of the study showed that older women are more functional loss of balance in the process of regular retrogenesis, thus presenting a high likelihood of accidental falls in the course of their daily activities.

Alta prevalência de sedentarismo em adolescentes que vivem com HIV/Aids / High prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents living with HIV/AIDS

Objetivo:Verificar a prevalência de sedentarismo entre adolescentes com HIV/Aids e seus fatores associados.Métodos:Foram entrevistados 91 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos, com HIV/Aids, em acompanhamento em uma unidade de infectologia universitária. Foram coletados dados antropométricos (peso, altura e circunferência da cintura) em duplicata, informações clínicas foram obtidas nos prontuários médicos e a prática de atividade física habitual foi medida por meio do questionário proposto por Florindo et al. O ponto de corte para sedentarismo foi de 300 minutos/semana.Resultados:As prevalências de altura inadequada para idade, desnutrição e sobrepeso/obesidade foram de 15,4%, 9,9% e 12,1%, respectivamente. As atividades físicas mais citadas foram: futebol (44,4%), voleibol (14,4%) e andar de bicicleta (7,8%). Os tempos medianos dispendidos com a prática de atividade física e caminhando/andando de bicicleta até a escola foram de 141 minutos e 39 minutos, respectivamente. A maioria dos adolescentes (71,4%) era sedentária, proporção maior entre as meninas (p=0,046).Conclusões:Foi observada alta prevalência de sedentarismo entre adolescentes com HIV/Aids, prevalência essa semelhante àquela observada na população geral. Promover a prática de atividade física entre adolescentes - especialmente entre meninas - com HIV/Aids, assim como monitorá-la, deve fazer parte da rotina de acompanhamento desses pacientes.

Objective:To assess the prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents with HIV/AIDS, as well as associated factors.Methods:Ninety-one adolescents (from 10 to 19 years old) with HIV/AIDS who are patients at a university follow-up service were interviewed. Anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist circumference) were measured twice; clinical information was obtained from medical records, and habitual physical activity was assessed by a questionnaire proposed by Florindo et al. The cutoff point for sedentariness was 300 minutes/week.Results:The prevalence of inadequate height for age, malnutrition, and overweight/obesity was 15.4%, 9.9% and 12.1%, respectively. The most common physical activities were soccer (44.4%), volleyball (14.4%) and cycling (7.8%). The median times spent with physical activity and walking/bicycling to school were 141 min and 39 min, respectively. Most adolescents (71.4%) were sedentary and this proportion was higher among girls (p=0.046).Conclusions:A high prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents with HIV/AIDS was observed, similar to the general population. Promoting physical activity among adolescents, especially among girls with HIV/AIDS, as well as monitoring it should be part of the follow-up routine of these patients.

Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients

Cytomegalovirus infection is a frequent complication after transplantation. This infection occurs due to transmission from the transplanted organ, due to reactivation of latent infection, or after a primary infection in seronegative patients and can be defined as follows: latent infection, active infection, viral syndrome or invasive disease. This condition occurs mainly between 30 and 90 days after transplantation. In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in particular, infection usually occurs within the first 30 days after transplantation and in the presence of graft-versus-host disease. The major risk factors are when the recipient is cytomegalovirus seronegative and the donor is seropositive as well as when lymphocyte-depleting antibodies are used. There are two methods for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection: the pp65 antigenemia assay and polymerase chain reaction. Serology has no value for the diagnosis of active disease, whereas histology of the affected tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage analysis are useful in the diagnosis of invasive disease. Cytomegalovirus disease can be prevented by prophylaxis (the administration of antiviral drugs to all or to a subgroup of patients who are at higher risk of viral replication) or by preemptive therapy (the early diagnosis of viral replication before development of the disease and prescription of antiviral treatment to prevent the appearance of clinical disease). The drug used is intravenous or oral ganciclovir; oral valganciclovir; or, less frequently, valacyclovir. Prophylaxis should continue for 90 to 180 days. Treatment is always indicated in cytomegalovirus disease, and the gold-standard drug is intravenous ganciclovir. Treatment should be given for 2 to 3 weeks and should be continued for an additional 7 days after the first negative result for viremia. .