Reperfusion of myocardial infarction in India: Notions for México / Reperfusión del Infarto del Miocardio en India: Nociones para México

Abstract In India and México, cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death and potential years of life lost. Close similarities exist between these two countries when facing the difficulties to establish a universal reperfusion program for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This paper describes the situation of STEMI treatment in both countries, and examines the lessons that Mexico's health care system could adopt from the recent advances accomplished by the STEMI initiative in India. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Resumen En India y México, las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte y pérdida de años potenciales de vida. Existen similitudes cercanas entre estos 2 países en cuanto a las dificultades a enfrentar al establecer un programa de reperfusión universal para el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Este artículo describe la situación del tratamiento del IAMCEST en ambas naciones y explora las lecciones que el sistema de salud de México podría adoptar de los recientes avances logrados por la iniciativa STEMI India. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Reperfusion therapy of myocardial infarction in Mexico: A challenge for modern cardiology / La reperfusión en el infarto del miocardio en México: un reto para la cardiología moderna

Abstract: Mexico has been positioned as the country with the highest mortality attributed to myocardial infarction among the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. This rate responds to multiple factors, including a low rate of reperfusion therapy and the absence of a coordinated system of care. Primary angioplasty is the reperfusion method recommended by the guidelines, but requires multiple conditions that are not reached at all times. Early pharmacological reperfusion of the culprit coronary artery and early coronary angiography (pharmacoinvasive strategy) can be the solution to the logistical problem that primary angioplasty rises. Several studies have demonstrated pharmacoinvasive strategy as effective and safe as primary angioplasty ST-elevation myocardial infarction, which is postulated as the choice to follow in communities where access to PPCI is limited. The Mexico City Government together with the National Institute of Cardiology have developed a pharmaco-invasive reperfusion treatment program to ensure effective and timely reperfusion in STEMI. The model comprises a network of care at all three levels of health, including a system for early pharmacological reperfusion in primary care centers, a digital telemedicine system, an inter-hospital transport network to ensure primary angioplasty or early percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis and a training program with certification of the health care personal. This program intends to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial infarction.

Resumen: México se ha posicionado como el país con mayor mortalidad atribuible al infarto del miocardio entre los países de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico. Esta tasa responde a múltiples factores, incluyendo una baja tasa de reperfusión y la ausencia de un sistema único y coordinado para la atención del infarto. Aun cuando la angioplastia es el método de reperfusión recomendado, requiere un sistema coordinado con personal entrenado y recursos materiales, condiciones que no siempre pueden ser alcanzadas. La reperfusión farmacológica temprana, seguida de angiografía coronaria temprana (estrategia farmacoinvasiva) es la solución al problema logístico que representa la angioplastia primaria. Múltiples estudios han demostrado que la estrategia farmacoinvasiva es tan segura y efectiva como la angioplastia primaria en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, y se plantea como la estrategia de elección en comunidades donde el acceso a angioplastia está limitado por factores económicos, geográficos o socioculturales. El gobierno de la Ciudad de México en conjunto con el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología ha desarrollado un programa de estrategia farmacoinvasiva para asegurar la reperfusión temprana en el infarto del miocardio. El modelo comprende una red de atención en los 3 niveles, incluyendo un sistema de reperfusión farmacológica en centros de primer contacto, transferencia de electrocardiogramas mediante telemedicina entre el primer nivel y el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, una red de transporte interhospitalario y un programa de entrenamiento y educación continua. El objetivo de este programa es reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad asociadas al infarto del miocardio.

Clinical management and hospital outcomes of acute coronary syndrome patients in Mexico: The Third National Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (RENASICA III) / Abordaje clínico y evolución hospitalaria en pacientes mexicanos con sindrome coronario agudo: El Tercer Registro Nacional de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos (RENASICA III)

Abstract Objective To describe current management and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Mexico. Methods RENASICA III was a prospective multicenter registry of consecutive patients hospitalized with an ACS. Patients had objective evidence of ischemic heart disease; those with type II infarction or secondary ischemic were excluded. Study design conformed to current quality recommendations. Results A total of 123 investigators at 29 tertiary and 44 community hospitals enrolled 8296 patients with an ACS (4038 with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction/unstable angina [NSTEMI/UA], 4258 with ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]). The majority were younger (62 ± 12 years) and 76.0% were male. On admission 80.5% had ischemic chest pain lasting >20 min and clinical stability. Left ventricular dysfunction was more frequent in NSTEMI/UA than in those with STEMI (30.0% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.0001). In STEMI 37.6% received thrombolysis and 15.0% primary PCI. PCI was performed in 39.6% of NSTEMI/UA (early strategy in 10.8%, urgent strategy in 3.0%). Overall hospital death rate was 6.4% (8.7% in STEMI vs. 3.9% in NSTEMI/UA, p < 0.001). The strongest independent predictors of hospital mortality were cardiogenic shock (odds ratio 22.4, 95% confidence interval 18.3-27.3) and ventricular fibrillation (odds ratio 12.5, 95% confidence interval 9.3-16.7). Conclusion The results from RENASICA III establish the urgent need to develop large-scale regional programs to improve adherence to guideline recommendations in ACS, including rates of pharmacological thrombolysis and increasing the ratio of PCI to thrombolysis.

Resumen Objetivo Describir abordaje terapéutico actual y evolución en pacientes hospitalizados con un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) en México. Métodos RENASICA III registro multicéntrico prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos con un SCA. Todos tuvieron demostración objetiva de enfermedad coronaria; se excluyeron infarto tipo II o isquemia secundaria. El diseño incluyó recomendaciones actuales de calidad. Resultados 123 investigadores en 29 hospitales de tercer nivel y en 44 de segundo ingresaron 8296 pacientes, 4038 con infarto del miocardio sin elevación del ST/angina inestable (IMSEST/AI) y 4258 con infarto del miocardio y elevación del ST (IMEST). La mayoría fueron jóvenes (62 ± 12 años) y el 76% del sexo masculino. Al ingreso 80.5% tuvo dolor torácico con perfil isquémico >20 minutos y estabilidad clínica. Se observó mayor disfunción ventricular en grupo con IMSEST/AI que en aquellos con IMEST (30.0% vs 10.7%, p <0.0001). En IMEST el 37.6% recibió trombolisis y el 15% angioplastía primaria. Este procedimiento se realizó en el 39.6% de los pacientes con IMSEST/AI (estrategia temprana 10.8%, estrategia urgente 3.0%). La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 6.4% (8.7% IMEST vs. 3.9% IMSEST/AI, p <0.001). Los predictores independientes con mayor poder para mortalidad fueron choque cardiogénico (RM 22.4, 95% IC 18.3-27.3) y fibrilación ventricular (RM 12.5, 95% IC 9.3-16.7). Conclusión los resultados del RENASICA III establecen la urgente necesidad de desarrollar en SCA programas regionales a gran escala para mejorar el apego a la guías y recomendaciones, incluyendo mayor porcentaje de trombolisis e incrementar la proporción de angioplastia primaria.

Third national registry of acute coronary syndromes (RENASICA III) / Tercer Registro Nacional de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos (RENASICA III)

Objective: RENASICA III is a prospective, multicenter registry on acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The main objective will be to identify the outcome in tertiary and community hospitals and perform strategies to improve quality of care in Mexico. Methods: RENASICA III will enroll 8000 patients in public health and private hospitals. The registry began in November 2012 with a planned recruitment during 12 months and a 1-year follow-up. The study population will comprise a consecutive, prospective cohort of patients >18 years with ACS final diagnosis and evidence of ischemic heart disease. The structure, data collection and data analysis will be based on quality current recommendations for registries. The protocol has been approved by institutional ethics committees in all participant centers. All patients will sign an informed consent form. Currently in Mexico, there is a need of observational registries that include patients with treatment in the everyday clinical practice so the data could be validated and additional information could be obtained versus the one from the clinical trials. In this way, RENASICA III emerges as a link among randomized clinical trials developed by experts and previous Mexican experience.

Objetivo: RENASICA III es un registro prospectivo multicéntrico en síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA). El principal objetivo será identificar en México la evolución en hospitales de segundo y tercer nivel para establecer estrategias para mejorar la calidad de la atención. Métodos: RENASICA III ingresará 8000 pacientes en hospitales de instituciones de salud y privados. El registro inició en noviembre de 2012 con un reclutamiento durante 12 meses y un seguimiento al alta hospitalaria de 12 meses. La población en estudio incluirá una cohorte prospectiva de pacientes >18 años con diagnóstico final de un SCA y evidencia objetiva de cardiopatía isquémica. La estructura del registro, la recolección de datos y el análisis se basó en las recomendaciones actuales para la calidad de los registros en enfermedad cardiovascular. El protocolo fue aprobado por los comités institucionales de ética de todos los centros participantes. Todos los pacientes firmarán un consentimiento informado. En la actualidad existe en México la necesidad de registros observacionales que incluyan pacientes sometidos a tratamiento en la práctica clínica contemporánea para validar los datos y obtener información complementaria de los grandes estudios aleatorizados controlados. RENASICA III emerge como un vínculo entre estudios aleatorizados controlados conducidos por expertos y la experiencia mexicana previa.

Determinación de marcadores séricos de trombosis e inflamación en sujetos con intolerancia a la glucosa: evidencia de un estado protrombótico / Determination of blood markers and inflammation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

Objetivo: Este estudio fue diseñado para explorar la presencia de un estado protrombótico, disfunción fibrinolítica e inflamación en sujetos con intolerancia a la glucosa, mediante la evaluación de los marcadores séricos de trombosis, fibrinólisis e inflamación. Métodos: Se estudiaron 48 individuos consecutivos, 25 intolerantes a la glucosa: (nueve hombres y 16 mujeres, 50.0 ±9.2 años) y 23 sujetos control (seis hombres y 17 mujeres, 48.0 ±11 años). Se compararon entre ambos grupos los niveles de dímero-D y fibrinógeno como marcadores de trombosis, el PAI-1 como marcador de fibrinólisis y la proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) como marcador de inflamación. Resultados: En los sujetos intolerantes a la glucosa respecto al grupo control, se observaron diferencias significativas en los marcadores de trombosis: fibrinógeno 317.7 ± 32.1 vs. 266.7 ± 25.4 mg/dL (p<0.0001), dímero-D 489.6 ± 277.3 vs. 345.8 ± 158.9 ng/mL (p<0.01) y en el marcador de fibrinólisis PAI-1 66.4 ± 30.7 vs. 35.5 ± 31.0 ng/mL (p<0.006). En el marcador de inflamación, PCR-us no se observó diferencia significativa, respecto al grupo control 0.45 ± 0.6 vs. 0.38 ± 0.4 mg/dL (p<0.28). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren la presencia de un estado protrombótico con disfunción del sistema fibrinolítico, en sujetos intolerantes a la glucosa.

Objective: This study was designed to explore the presence of a prothrombotic state, fibrinolytic dysfunction and infammation in impaired glucose tolerance subjects, by evaluating serum markers of thrombosis, fibrinolysis and infammation. Methods: In 48 consecutive adults, 25 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (nine men and 16 women, 50.0 ±9.2 years) were compared with 23 control subjects (six men and 17 women, 48.0 ±11 years). The markers of thrombotic activation used were D-dimer and fibrinogen. Fibrinolysis dysfuntion was evaluated with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and the infammatory marker studied was hs-C reactive protein (hs-CRP). Results: The markers of thrombotic state were significantly higher in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) than in controls: D dimer (489.6 ± 277.3 vs. 345.8 ± 158.9 ng/mL) (p < 0.01) and fibrinogen (317.7 ±32.1 vs. 266.7 ±25.4 mg/dL) (p < 0.0001). Fibrinolytic marker PAI-1 also differed significantly between the two study groups (66.4 ± 30.7 vs. 35.5 ± 31.0 ng/ mL) (p < 0.006). However, hs-CRP, as infammation marker, (0.45 ± 0.62 mg/dL vs. 0.38 ± 0.47) did not differ significantly between the two study groups (<0.28). Conclusion: This result suggests the presence of a prothrombotic state with fibrinolytic dysfunction in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

The TIMI risk score for STEMI predicts in-hospital mortality and adverse events in patients without cardiogenic shock undergoing primary angioplasty / La escala de riesgo TIMI para infarto del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST predice mortalidad y eventos adversos intrahospitalarios en pacientes sin choque cardiogénico sometidos a angioplastía coronaria

Introduction: Patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) comprise a heterogeneous population with respect to the risk for adverse events. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has shown to be better, mainly in high-risk patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for STEMI applied to patients undergo primary PCI identifies a group of patients at high risk for adverse events. Methods: We identifed patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock on admission, who were treated with primary PCI. The TIMI and CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications) risk scores were calculated to determine their predictive value for in hospital mortality. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TIMI risk score, low risk being 0-4 points and high risk ≥5 points, and the frequency of adverse events was analyzed. Results: We analyzed 572 patients with STEMI. The c-statistics predictive value of the TIMI risk score for mortality was 0.80 (p=0.0001) and the CADILLAC risk score was 0.83, (p=0.0001). Thirty-two percent of patients classifed as high risk (TIMI ≥5) had a higher incidence of adverse events than the low-risk group: mortality 14.8% vs. 2.1%, (p=0.0001); heart failure 15.3% vs. 4.1%, (p=0.0001); development of cardiogenic shock 10.9% vs. 1.5%, (p=0.0001); ventricular arrhythmias 14.8% vs. 5.9%, (p=0.001); and no-refow phenomenon 22.4% vs. 13.6%, (p=0.01). Conclusions: The TIMI risk score for STEMI prior to primary PCI can predict in hospital mortality and identifes a group of high-risk patients who might develop adverse events.

Introducción: Los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAM CEST), son una población heterogénea por lo que toca al riesgo de eventos adversos. La intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) primaria mostró ser mejor, principalmente en los pacientes de riesgo alto. Objetivo: La propuesta de este estudio fue determinar si la escala de riesgo de trombólisis en infarto del miocardio (TIMI) para IAM CEST, aplicado a los pacientes sometidos a ICP primaria, identifica a grupos de pacientes de riesgo alto de eventos adversos. Métodos: Se identificaron a pacientes con IAM CEST sin choque cardiogénico al ingreso, quienes fueron tratados con ICP primaria. Se calcularon las escalas de riesgo TIMI y CADILLAC (Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications), para determinar su valor predictivo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos de acuerdo a su escala de riesgo TIMI, riesgo bajo con 0-4 puntos y riesgo alto con ≥5 puntos, se analizó la frecuencia de eventos adversos. Resultados: Se analizaron 572 pacientes con IAM CEST. El valor predictivo del estadístico C de la escala de riesgo TIMI para mortalidad fue de 0.80 (p=0.0001), y la escala de riesgo CADILLAC fue de 0.83, (p=0.0001). El 32% de los pacientes clasificados como riesgo alto (TIMI ≥5), tuvo una alta incidencia de eventos adversos comparada con el grupo de riesgo bajo: la mortalidad 14.8% vs. 2.1%, (p=0.0001); falla cardiaca 15.3% vs. 4.1%, (p=0.0001); desarrollo de choque cardiogénico 10.9% vs. 1.5%, (p=0.0001); arritmias ventriculares 14.8% vs. 5.9%, (p=0.001), y fenómeno de no reflujo 22.4% vs. 13.6%, (p=0.01). Conclusiones: La escala de riesgo TIMI para IAM CEST, previo a ICP primaria puede predecir mortalidad intrahospitalaria e identificar a un grupo de pacientes de riesgo alto, los cuales pueden desarrollar eventos adversos.

Clinical characteristics, process of care and outcomes among Mexican, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: Data from RENASICA and CRUSADE registries / Características clínicas, tratamiento hospitalario y evolución entre población mexicana, latina y anglosajones no hispánicos con infarto agudo del miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST. Datos tomados de los registros RENASICA y CRUSADE

Introduction: Data regarding management characteristics of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) in Mexican, Hispanic and Non- Hispanic white patients are scarce. Methods: We sought to describe the clinical characteristics, process of care, and outcomes of Mexicans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites presenting with NSTE ACS at Mexican and US hospitals. We compared baseline characteristics, resource use, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) compliance and in-hospital mortality among 3 453 Mexicans, 3 936 Hispanics and 90, 280 non-Hispanic whites with NSTE ACS from the RENASICA and CRUSADE registries. Results: Mexicans were younger with a different cardiovascular risk profile, fewer incidences of hypertension (p<0.001), hiperlipidemia (p<0.001), renal failure (p<0.001) and prior revascularization (p<0.001) but were more likely to be smoking compared with Hispanics and non-Hispanic white populations. Mexicans and Hispanics had a higher incidence of diabetes (p<0.001). At clinical presentation Mexican patients were more likely to have ST depression (p<0.001) but less likely to have left ventricular dysfunction (p<0.001) and troponin stratification (p<0.001). Regarding CPGs compliance, aspirin was used in 90% of patients in all groups, but clopidogrel or unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin in 50% of patients or less. Mexican patients were less likely to receive glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and revascularization. In spite of clinical differences and therapeutic trends, cardiovascular mortality was similar among all groups (Mexicans 4%, Hispanics 4% and non-Hispanic white 5%). In all groups of patients, a poor CPGs compliance was observed. Conclusions: In a post-hoc analysis, Mexican patients with NSTE ACS had a different cardiovascular risk factor profile and clinical presentation, and less intensive in - hospital treatment than Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients. However, these differences do not appear to affect in - hospital mortality.

Introducción: Existe poca información que compara características clínicas y tendencias terapéuticas en población mexicana, hispánica y anglosajona, con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST (SCA SEST). Métodos: Describimos características clínicas, proceso de atención y evolución hospitalaria en población mexicana, hispánica y anglosajona con SCA SEST, en hospitales mexicanos y americanos. En tres mil cuatrocientos veinticuatro mexicanos, 3 936 hispánicos y 90 280 anglosajones de los registros RENASICA y CRUSADE, se analizaron características basales, uso de recursos, apego a las guías clínicas y mortalidad hospitalaria. Resultados: Los pacientes mexicanos fueron más jóvenes y con diferente perfil de riesgo cardiovascular, por menor incidencia de hipertensión (p< 0.001), hiperlipidemia (p<0.001), insufciencia renal (p<0.001) e historia de revascularización (p< 0.001), pero tuvieron mayor historia de tabaquismo (p<0.001) en comparación con hispánicos y anglosajones. La mayor incidencia de diabetes se observó en pacientes hispánicos y mexicanos (p<0.001). En éstos, al ingreso se observó mayor incidencia de desnivel negativo del ST (p<0.001), y menor grado de disfunción ventricular (p<0.001) y uso de troponinas (p<0.001). En relación al apego de las guías clínicas, en prácticamente todos se utilizó aspirina (90%), pero el uso de clopidogrel y heparina no fraccionada o de bajo peso molecular, sólo se utilizó en aproximadamente el 50%. Los pacientes mexicanos recibieron menos inhibidores de la glicoproteínas IIb / IIIa y menos revascularización. A pesar de algunas diferencias clínicas y terapéuticas, la mortalidad cardiovascular fue similar en los tres grupos (mexicanos 4%, hispánicos 4% y anglosajones 5%). En todos los grupos, el apego a las guías clínicas no fue el ideal. Conclusiones: En un análisis retrospectivo, pacientes mexicanos con un SCA SEST tuvieron diferente perfil de riesgo cardiovascular, presentación clínica y tratamiento hospitalario, que los pacientes hispánicos y anglosajones. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no parecen afectar la mortalidad hospitalaria.

Complicaciones hemorrágicas del tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos / Hemorrhagic complications of acute coronary syndromes treatment

Los síndromes coronarios agudos representan un problema de salud pública. La meta principal del tratamiento incluye la reperfusión temprana cuando está indicada y evitar la recurrencia de eventos isquémicos. Para ello, se utilizan fármacos trombolíticos, anticoagulantes y antiplaquetarios cada vez más potentes que, aunque claramente mejoran el pronóstico isquémico, se acompañan de diversas complicaciones entre las que destacan las hemorrágicas. Cada vez se reconoce con mayor claridad la importancia de estas complicaciones y su impacto negativo en el pronóstico del paciente. Es indispensable reconocer al paciente que tiene un riesgo elevado de desarrollar hemorragia y escoger la terapéutica con el mejor perfil riesgo-beneficio. En caso de que el paciente presente un evento hemorrágico, debe de ser identificado y tratado prontamente de forma adecuada para minimizar su impacto negativo en el pronóstico.

Acute coronary syndromes represent a problem of public health. The main goal of the treatment includes early reperfusion and avoidance of recurrent ischemic events. For this, thrombolytic, anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are used and, although they clearly improve the ischemic prognosis, are also associated with bleeding. It is now clear that bleeding has a negative impact in the patient's evolution and that its treatment can be also detrimental. It is important to recognize patients at high bleeding risk and to choose the therapy with the best risk-benefit profle. If the patient develops bleeding, it should be identified and treated properly to minimize its negative impact in the patient's prognosis.

Design and implementation of the TRACIA: intracoronary autologous transplant of bone marrow-derived stem cells for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction / Diseño e implementación del estudio TRACIA: Trasplante intracoronario Autológo de Células madre para Infarto Agudo del miocardio con elevación de segmento ST

Objective: To describe the design of a protocol of intracoronary autologous transplant of bone marrow-derived stem cells for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to report the safety of the procedure in the first patients included. Methods: The TRACIA study was implemented following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The protocol includes procedures such as randomization, bone marrow retrieval, stem cells processing, intracoronary infusion of stem cells in the infarct-related artery, pre-and-post MRI, pre-and-post SPECT with radioisotope ventriculography, and clinical follow-up at 6 months. Results: Eight patients with a diagnosis of acute STEMI and duration of symptoms of <24 hours that were perfused successfully through primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) with a LVEF of <45% were assigned randomly to two groups (n = 4 each). One group treated with stem cells and the other corresponded to the control group. Neither death, re-infarction, no need for revascularization or thrombosis of the stent were observed at follow-up. Conclusions: The initial experience at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez in the treatment of acute STEMI by means of autologous transplantation of bone marrow-derived stem cells is encouraging. Implementation was possible in the first eight patients with no complications.

Objetivo: Describir el diseño y la implementación de un protocolo de transplante autólogo intracoronario de células madre derivadas de médula ósea en infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del ST y reportar la seguridad del procedimiento en los primeros pacientes incluidos. Métodos: El estudio TRACIA se implementó con base en criterios de inclusión y exclusión predeterminados. El protocolo incluye la aleatorización, obtención de médula ósea, procesamiento de células madre, infusión intracoronaria de células madre, RM basal y al seguimiento, SPECT con ventriculografía radioisotópica basal y post-procedimiento, y seguimiento clínico a seis meses. Resultados: Ocho pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del ST y duración de síntomas <24 horas que fueron reperfundidos exitosamente con angioplastia primaria y con fracción de expulsión <45%, fueron aleatorizados a dos grupos; uno de ellos fue tratado con células madre y el otro grupo permaneció como control. No se observó muerte, re-infarto, necesidad de revascularización o trombosis del Stent durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: La experiencia inicial en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez en el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del ST mediante trasplante autólogo de células madre derivadas de médula ósea, es alentadora. La implementación sin complicaciones fue posible en los primeros ocho pacientes.

Características clínicas, modalidades de tratamiento y mortalidad en la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto / Clinical characteristics and treatment of ventricular septum rupture after acute myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Conocer las características, estrategia de tratamiento y mortalidad en pacientes con infarto agudo al miocardio y ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Métodos: Se incluyeron 40 pacientes atendidos en un periodo de ocho años por infarto agudo al miocardio complicado con ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Se utilizó ecocardiograma para confirmar la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto. Se evaluaron las características clínicas, el tipo de tratamiento y la mortalidad hospitalaria. Las variables se compararon con prueba U de Mann-Withney o prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Edad 64 años (56 a 73), 67% hombres, 53% diabetes, 43% hipertensión, 40% tabaquismo. Los tratamientos fueron: conservador 45%, quirúrgico 38% o dispositivo Amplatzer 17%. La mortalidad general fue de 65%, con manejo conservador 54%, con cirugía 35% y con Amplatzer 12% (p = 0.02), y estuvo asociada a menor tiempo entre infarto agudo al miocardio y ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto (p <0.001) y menor tiempo entre ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto y tratamiento de cierre (p <0.001). Todos los pacientes con Killip Kimbal III o IV murieron. Conclusiones: Hasta el momento no existe una estrategia de manejo en la ruptura del septum interventricular posinfarto que demuestre ventajas sobre las demás. El único marcador de buen pronóstico podría ser el mayor tiempo entre la ruptura y el tratamiento de cierre. Es probable que la indicación de manejo de las guías internacionales no aplique para todos los pacientes y estos deban estratificarse de acuerdo a su estado hemodinámico.

Objective: To identify the characteristics, management strategy and mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and rupture of ventricular septum (RVS). Methods: The study included 40 patients admitted during a period of 8 years, due to AMI complicated with RVS. RVS was confirmed by echocardiogram. The clinical characteristics, type of treatment and hospital mortality were evaluated. Variables were compared by Mann-Withney U tests or Fisher exact test. Results: Patients were 64 years old (56 - 73), 67% men, 53% diabetes mellitus, 43% hypertension, 40% smokers. Treatments were medical (45%), surgical (38%) or Amplatzer (17%). Overall mortality was 65%, in conservative group was 45%, in surgery group 38%, and Amplatzer group 17% (p = 0.02), it was associated to shorter time between AMI and RVS (p <0.001) and shorter time between and treatment (p <0.001). All patients with Killipp Kimbal III or IV died. Conclusions: Currently there is no management strategy in RSV with demonstrated advantage over other strategies. The only marker with good prognosis could be a long time between rupture and treatment. It is likely that the indication of management of International guidelines does not apply to all patients and these should be stratified according to their hemodynamic status.

In-hospital outcome in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block: A sub-study from RENASICA II, a national multicenter registry / Evolución intrahospitalaria en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y bloqueo de rama derecha: Sub-estudio de RENASICA II, un registro nacional multicéntrico

Objective: Compare in-hospital outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction with right versus left bundle branch block. Methods: RENASICA II, a national mexican registry enrolled 8098 patients with final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome secondary to ischemic heart disease. In 4555 STEMI patients, 545 had bundle branch block, 318 (58.3%) with right and 225 patients with left (41.6%). Both groups were compared in terms of in-hospital outcome through major cardiovascular adverse events; (cardiovascular death, recurrent ischemia and reinfarction). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify in-hospital mortality risk among right and left bundle branch block patients. Results: There were not statistical differences in both groups regarding baseline characteristics, time of ischemia, myocardial infarction location, ventricular dysfunction and reperfusion strategies. In-hospital outcome in bundle branch block group was characterized by a high incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events with a trend to higher mortality in patients with right bundle branch block (OR 1.70, CI 1.19 - 2.42, p < 0.003), compared to left bundle branch block patients. Conclusion: In this sub-study right bundle branch block accompanying ST-elevation myocardial infarction of any location at emergency room presentation was an independent predictor of high in-hospital mortality.

Objetivo: Comparar la evolución hospitalaria en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con bloqueo de rama derecha versus bloqueo de rama izquierda. Método: El Registro Nacional de Síndromes Coronarios Agudos II, incluyó 8098 pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, de los cuales 4555 corresponden a infarto con elevación del segmento ST. De ellos, se demostró en 545 bloqueo de rama: 318 (58.3%) tuvieron bloqueo de rama derecha y 227 (41.6%) bloqueo de rama izquierda. Fueron comparados en términos de mortalidad hospitalaria y eventos cardiovasculares mayores adversos. Se realizó un análisis multivariado para identificar mortalidad hospitalaria a través de eventos mayores entre pacientes con ambos bloqueos de rama. Resultados: No hubo deferencia estadísticamente significativa en ambos grupos en relación con características basales, tiempo de isquemia, localización del infarto, disfunción ventricular o estrategia de reperfusión utilizada. Los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio de cualquier localización y bloqueo de rama derecha tuvieron mayor tendencia para mortalidad hospitalaria y eventos cardiovasculares mayores (OR 1.70, IC 1.19-2.42, p < 0.003) vs. pacientes con bloqueo de rama izquierda. Conclusión: En el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, el bloqueo de rama derecha fue un predictor independiente de alta mortalidad hospitalaria.

Impacto del uso de rosuvastatina en los primeros días de un síndrome coronario agudo en la fiunción endotelial y el poder oxidativo / Influence of rosuvastatin in endothelial function and oxidative stress, in patients with acute coronary syndrome

PURPOSE: The endothelial function is the cornerstone of several cardiovascular disease. In this trial we compared how the Nitric Oxide (NO) and Oxidative Stress (OS) serum levels, as surrogate markers of endothelial function, change in patients who received (or not) rosuvastatin during the first seven days of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with ACS (age:66 +/- 9 years, gender: ten female and 12 male) were randomized in two groups. Patients in the first group (G1) received the conventional treatment for an ACS, plus placebo. The other group (G2) additionally received a daily oral dose of 40 mg of rosuvastatin. We measured the blood levels of nitrates and OS in both groups twice: at baseline (admission to Intensive care unit) and seven days after. The statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test or the Chi2 test depending of the variables. Statistical significance was considered with a p < 0.05. RESULTS: Groups (G1 and G2) differed statistically on age (G1=71 years +/- 10 vs. G2 63 +/- 9 years, p=0.04). After 7 days of the ACS onset, ON levels diminished on 21% (p=0.17) in G1, but raised on 24% in the group who re- ceived rosuvastatin (p=0.005), with statistically difference between groups (p=0.005). On the other hand, the OS, augmented statistically on both groups: G1 (17%, p<0.001) and G2 (13%, p<0.001), without any difference between groups (p=0.77). Conclusion: The endothelial dysfunction in the first days of an ACS is accentuated, but with the use of rosuvastatina, the endothelial function improves. In contrast, the OS increase in both groups, without differences between groups.

A proposed functional clinical classification predicts in-hospital and long-term survival in the setting of acute right ventricular infarction / Propuesta de una clasificación funcional y clínica para predecir la sobrevida intrahospitalaria y a largo plazo de enfermos con infarto agudo del ventrículo derecho

BACKGROUND: The objectives of the present investigation were to validate the prognostic role of a proposed Clinical Classification [CC], to evaluate the TIMI risk score [RS] and to establish whether the TIMI-RS should incorporate points for patients with acute right ventricular infarction [TIMI-RS-RVI]. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 523 RVI patients were classified on clinical and functional basis as: A, without right ventricular failure [RVF], B with RVF and C with cardiogenic shock. The CC was evaluated prospectively among 98 patients with RVI and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The TIMI-RS was evaluated prospectively among 622 patients with STEMI [anterior:277, inferior:247, RVI:98], and retrospectively in 425 RVI patients. The CC established differences among the 3-RVI Classes for in-hospital mortality [prospectively and retrospectively; p<0.01, p<0.001, respectively] that were maintained at 8 years [p < 0.001]. Patients with anterior and inferior STEMI, but not those with RVI revealed an association between outcome and TIMI-RS [p<0.001]. Testing for TIMI-RS-RVI did not result a good prognostic tool [ROC=0.9; excellent discrimination, but with a very poor [quot ]clinical calibration[quot ]]. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed CC allowed prediction of mortality at short- and long-term in the setting of acute RVI. The role of the TIMI-RS should be reevaluated prospectively as a prognostic tool in the scenario of RVI patients.

Elevación extrema de la presión arterial (crisis hipertensiva): recomendaciones para su abordaje clínico-terapéutico / Extreme elevation of the blood pressure (hypertensive crisis): recommendations for its clinical-therapeutic approach

From beginnings of last century the hypertensive emergency was defined as the association of acutely elevation from the arterial pressure and the appearance of damage to end organ. At present is recognized the effects of the hypertensive emergency, the aspects of its patophysiology in which are included phenomenon of vasomotricity and the participation of different substances with vasoactives properties. The clinical presentation includes not only the manifestations of the increase of the arterial pressure, the end organ damage too; for this reason the hypertensive emergency needs the immediate reduction of the arterial tension to prevent the damage to specific organs. The treatment in every case will have to be individualized, with a wide knowledge of the characteristics of every medicament to obtain the best results. The diagnosis and treatment of the hypertensive emergencies needs often of the attention of its complications if they have appeared and later, of a treatment of support for the arterial hypertension.

Prevención y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en el paciente con enfermedad arterial coronaria / Prevention and treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease

The association between arterial systemic hypertension arterial coronary disease has been demonstrated by cumulated evidence of several epidemiological studies. Hypertension is an important independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, vascular cerebral disease and nephropathy. Important advances exist in the knowledge of neurohumoral and hemodynamic factors that come together in the pathophysiology of the hypertension and in the development of coronary disease that allow to establish better strategies not only of treatment, but also of prevention, with the purpose of diminishing the cardiovascular mortality. The spectrum of the coronary artery disease secondary to atherosclerosis is wide and the strategies of treatment of hypertension must be adapted to each particular case. The treatment of both conditions needs of specific limits of agreement to the conditions of the patient and the form of presentation of each one of these disease.

Combinación farmacológica en el tratamiento del infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST: análisis de la literatura y experiencia en la Unidad Coronaria del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Dr Ignacio Chávez / Pharmacologic combination in the treatment of the acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation

The evolution of reperfusion treatment has permitted an improvement in the prognosis and survival of patients with Acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation. The benefit of thrombolitic therapy was demonstrated clearly starting with the first trials of ISIS 2. It was also demonstrated this benefit is greater when the thrombolitic is combined with aspirin. Other trials have arisen like GUSTO I and TIMI 14, which have continued with the search for the best strategy of reperfusion, demonstrating that the pharmacologic combination with fibrinolitic, antiplatelet and antithrombinics provides the best results regarding permeability of the epicardic artery and transmiocardic reperfusion. Finally the mechanical reperfusion has managed to improve the results obtained with the pharmacologic treatment. Nevertheless it is probably that the Angioplasty with fibrinolitic and antiplatelet therapy is a useful treatment strategy, available for the patient with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation. In light of the latest studies we must be very cautious, but based on the knowledge of the physiopathology of these syndromes, we think there is still much to discover.

De la reperfusión al post-acondicionamiento del miocardio con isquemia prolongada. Nuevo paradigma terapéutico de los síndromes coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST? De lo básico a lo clínico / Reperfusion and postconditioning in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. A new paradigm for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. From bench to bedside?

After prolonged periods of ischemia and energy depletion, the ischemic myocardial cell can be jeopardized by specific causes within the reperfusion period. These causes can be viewed as unwanted aspects of the recovery process itself limiting its efficiency. Three potential initial causes of immediate reperfusion injury, aside from oxygen radicals, have been experimentally investigated in detail, and are briefly discussed: 1. re-energization; 2. rapid normalization of tissue pH; and 3. rapid normalization of tissue osmolality. These potential causes are not entirely independent. Understanding of the basic causes has opened novel perspectives for specific interference with these serious pathomechanisms. The experimental results obtained in the last years encourage the development of therapeutic approaches to reduce infarct size by specific measures applied during the early phase of reperfusion. In the clinical setting, reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has shown to reduce mortality, yet it may also have deleterious effects, including myocardial necrosis and no-reflow. Almost two decades ago, great hope arose from the description of ischemic preconditioning. Unfortunately, ischemic preconditioning is not feasible in the clinical practice because the coronary artery is already occluded at the time of hospital admission of the AMI patient. Recently, in the dog model, a phenomenon called [quot ]postconditioning[quot ] has been described. It has been reported previouly that reperfusion injury can be significantly reduced by modifying the conditions and the composition of the initial reperfusate. Whereas preconditioning is triggered by brief episodes of ischemia-reperfusion performed just before a prolonged coronary artery occlusion, postconditioning is induced by a comparable sequence of reversible ischemia-reperfusion, but it is applied [quot ]just after the prolonged[quot ] ischemic insult. Protection afforded by postconditioning is as potent as that provided by preconditioning. Unlike preconditioning, the experimental design of postconditioning allows direct application in the clinical practice, especially during PTCA. It has been reported very recently, that postconditioning patients with ST segment elevation AMI, during coronary angioplasty protects the human heart in this clinical scenario. Obtaining such a beneficial effect by a simple manipulation of reperfusion is of major potential clinical interest. Now more than ever,