Banco de semillas de relaves mineros como indicador de recuperación de vegetación en Mariana, Brasil / Seed bank of mining tailings as indicator of vegetation regeneration in Mariana, Brazil

Resumen Introducción: El banco de semillas en el suelo es uno de los indicadores ecológicos más importantes para la evaluación y monitoreo de recuperación de ecosistemas degradados. Así mismo, actualmente indicadores ecológicos de restauración son usados en áreas afectadas por la ruptura de la represa de relaves de Fundão en Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Objetivo: En este estudio se evaluó la variación de la riqueza, composición de especies, densidad y parámetros fitosociológicos del banco de semillas en dos profundidades de relaves mineros en Mariana, municipio de Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Se recolectaron 15 muestras por nivel de profundidad, en la capa superior (Profundidad1, P1 = 0-2.5 cm) y capa inferior (Profundidad2, P2 = 2.5-5.0 cm) del relave de minería para examinar el banco de semillas viable, que luego se colocó en un invernadero para la germinación. Posteriormente se contaron e identificaron semanalmente todos los individuos de cada especie durante un período de seis meses. Resultados: Se demostró que existe un banco de semillas en las capas superficiales de relaves mineros acumulados en las áreas afectadas de Mariana, con una marcada diferencia entre profundidades en términos de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos. Se observó una mayor riqueza y número de individuos en P1, (1 165 semillas germinadas), pertenecientes a 18 familias y 47 especies, en comparación a P2 (197 individuos), pertenecientes a 12 familias y 23 especies. El banco de semillas de la capa P1 está influenciado por la lluvia de semillas del bosque cercano. Por otro lado, el banco de semillas de P2, puede ser característico de los relaves mineros. Conclusiones: El banco de semillas estudiado puede tener efectos positivos sobre la recuperación en el área de estudio, debido a la alta proporción de especies nativas, pioneras y anemocóricas típicas de etapas iniciales de sucesión secundaria.

Abstract Introduction: The soil seed bank is one of the most important ecological indicators for evaluating and monitoring the resilience of degraded ecosystems. Likewise, ecological restoration indicators are currently used in areas affected by the rupture of the Fundão tailings dam in Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the seed bank at two depths of areas affected by mining tailings, Mariana municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: 15 samples (40 × 40 cm) were collected per level of depth, in the upper layer (Depth1, P1 = 0-2.5 cm), and lower layer (Depth2, P2 = 2.5-5.0 cm) of the mining tailings to survey the viable seed bank, which was later placed in a greenhouse for germination and seedling identification. The samples were placed in plastic trays to germinate in the nursery, then counted and identified weekly for six months. Results: The results showed that there is a seed bank in the surface layers of accumulated mining tailings in the affected areas of Mariana, with a marked difference between depths in terms of species richness and density of individuals. Higher species richness and number of individuals were observed in P1, (1 165 germinated seeds), belonging to 18 families and 47 species, in comparison to P2 (197 individuals), belonging to 12 families and 23 species. Probably the seed bank of layer P1 is influenced by the rain of seeds from the nearby forest. On the other hand, the P2 seed bank can be characteristic of mining tailings. Conclusions: Seed bank patterns can have positive effects on forest resilience at the local-scale, due to the high proportion of native, pioneer and anemochorical species of early successional stages.

Phylogenetic structure is determined by patch size in rock outcrop vegetation on an inselberg in the northern Amazon region / Estrutura filogenética é determinada pelo tamanho de manchas de vegetação sobre afloramento rochoso em um inselberg na região norte da Amazônia

Although inselbergs from around the world are iconic ecosystems, little is known on the underlying mechanisms of community assembly, especially in their characteristic patchy outcrop vegetation. Environmental constraints are expected to cause phylogenetic clustering when ecological niches are conserved within evolutionary lineages. We tested whether vegetation patches from rock outcrops of the Piedra La Tortuga Natural Monument, in the northern Amazon region, are phylogenetically clustered, indicating that environmental filtering is the dominant driver of community assemblage therein. We classified all patches according to their size as very small (< 1 m2), small (1-4 m2), medium-sized (4-8 m2), and large patches (8-15 m2). From each class, we randomly selected 10 patches, totalizing 40 patches covering 226 m2. All individuals found in the 40 isolated patches were identified to the species level. We also correlated measurements of phylogenetic community structure with patch size. We found that species from patches are restricted to the clades monocots, fabids, malvids, and lamiids. We conclude that vegetation in this rock outcrop is phylogenetically clustered. Furthermore, we found that phylogenetic turnover between pairs of patches increases with patch size, which is consistent with a scenario of higher environmental stress in smaller patches. Further research is necessary to identify nurse species in inselberg vegetation, which is pivotal for conservation and restoration of this particular ecosystem.

Ainda que os inselbergs ao redor do mundo sejam ecossistemas icônicos, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos subjacentes que estruturam suas comunidades vegetais, especialmente nas manchas de vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos. Espera-se que as restrições ambientais causem agrupamento filogenético quando os nichos ecológicos são conservados dentro das linhagens evolutivas. Nós testamos se as manchas de vegetação dos afloramentos rochosos do Monumento Natural Piedra La Tortuga, no norte da região amazônica, apresentam indicadores filogenéticos de que a filtragem ambiental é o principal direcionador da estruturação da comunidade. Classificamos todas as manchas de acordo com seu tamanho como muito pequenas (<1 m2), pequenas (1-4 m2), médias (4-8 m2) e grandes (8-15 m2). Selecionamos aleatoriamente 10 manchas em cada classe de tamanho, totalizando 40 manchas cobrindo 226 m2. Todos os indivíduos encontrados nas 40 manchas foram identificados ao nível de espécie. Correlacionamos as medidas da estrutura filogenética da comunidade com o tamanho das manchas e encontramos que as espécies das manchas são restritas aos clados das monocotiledôneas, fabídeas, malvídeas e lamiídeas. Concluímos que a vegetação neste afloramento rochoso é agrupada filogeneticamente. Além disso, encontramos que o turnover filogenético entre pares de manchas aumenta com o tamanho da mancha, o que é consistente com um cenário de alto estresse ambiental nas manchas menores. São necessárias mais pesquisas para identificar espécies facilitadoras, que são fundamentais para a conservação e restauração destes ecossistemas.

Relación especie-área y distribución de la abundancia de especies en una comunidad vegetal de un inselberg tropical: efecto del tamaño de los parches / Species-area relation and species abundance distribution in a plant community on a tropical inselberg: effect of patch size

Resumen Aunque los inselbergs son afloramientos rocosos icónicos con un alto valor biogeográfico, poco se conoce sobre los mecanismos responsables de la estructuración de comunidades vegetales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar cómo el tamaño de los parches de vegetación influye en la relación especie-área y distribución de la abundancia de especies de una comunidad en un inselberg del Monumento Natural "Piedra La Tortuga", región Guayana, Venezuela. Por este motivo, se establecieron tres preguntas de investigación: ¿Cuál es el efecto del tamaño de los parches sobre la riqueza de especies? ¿Qué tipo de modelo especie-área (SAR) presenta mejor ajuste en esos parches de vegetación? ¿Cómo es la distribución de las abundancias de las especies (SADs) es inducida por el tamaño de los parches? Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado en parches que oscilaron entre 0.34 y 14.8 m2, totalizando 40 unidades muestrales (226 m2). Todos los individuos encontrados en los 40 parches fueron identificados a nivel de especie. La composición florística en las diferentes muestras estuvo representada por 19 familias, 22 géneros y 24 especies, de las cuales 50 % son endémicas de inselbergs y dos están amenazadas de extinción. Se identificaron dos grupos de tamaños de parches (grandes 8-15 m2 y pequeños ≤ 7.9 m2) en relación a la abundancia y composición de especies, con diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Las curvas de acumulación de especies para cada grupo de tamaño de parche muestran una tendencia contrastante con marcadas diferencias en la riqueza observada entre los grupos de tamaños de parches. Las curvas de los modelos SADs tuvieron un ajuste significativo de la serie geométrica en las dos categorías de parches. El modelo SAR de la función potencia presentó los mejores ajustes especie-área, donde el aumento del área de los parches explicó un 82 % de la variación en el aumento del número de especies. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran por primera vez como el tamaño de los parches de vegetación de un inselberg tropical tiene una fuerte influencia sobre la riqueza, distribución de la abundancia y composición de especies. Así mismo, se determinó que el modelo geométrico SAD presentó el mejor ajuste en la comunidad en función del tamaño de los parches como un indicador de recursos, donde la abundancia de una especie puede ser equivalente a una proporción del espacio ocupado. También se presume que los cambios de tamaño de los parches, podría estar asociado con la disponibilidad de nutrientes y agua, como ha sido demostrado en otros ambientes de tierras secas. En algunos estudios se ha argumentado que la variación en la composición de especies entre los perfiles de vegetación de inselbergs tropicales está condicionada principalmente por la estructura del hábitat y el déficit hídrico. Sin embargo, no se había discutido cómo el tamaño de los parches de vegetación tiene un efecto en la riqueza. Los análisis SADs y SAR pueden proporcionar explicaciones complementarias sobre la estructuración de comunidades vegetales en inselbergs.

Abstract Although inselbergs are iconic rock outcrops with a high biogeographic value, little is known about drivers responsible for the plant community assembly. The aim of this research was to evaluate how the patch size distribution of vegetation influences the species-area relationship and species abundance distribution of a community in an inselberg of the "Piedra La Tortuga" Natural Monument of the Guayana region, Venezuela. In this context, three research questions were established: What is the effect of patch size on species richness? What species-area model (SAR) has the best fit in those vegetation patches? How is the distribution of species abundances (SADs) induced by the patch size distribution? A stratified random sampling was performed in patches ranging from 0.34 to 14.8 m2, totaling 40 sampling units (226 m2). All individuals found in the 40 patches were identified at species level. The floristic composition in the different samples was represented by 19 families, 22 genera and 24 species, of which 50 % are endemic to inselbergs and two, are threatened of extinction. Two groups of patch sizes were identified (large 8-15 m2 and small ≤ 7.9 m2) in relation to the abundance and composition of species. The species accumulation curves for each patch size group show a contrasting tendency with marked differences in the observed richness among patch size groups. The curves of the SADs models had a significant adjustment of the geometric series in the two categories of patches. The SAR model of the power function presented the best species-area adjustments, where the increase in patch area accounted for 82 % of the variation in the increase in the number of species. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time how vegetation patches of a tropical inselberg have a strong influence on richness, abundance distribution and species composition. Likewise, it was determined that the SAD geometric model presented the best fit in the community as a function of patch size as a resource indicator, where the abundance of a species can be equivalent to a proportion of the space occupied. It is also presumed that changes in patch sizes could be associated with nutrient and water availability, as has been demonstrated in other dryland environments. In some studies it has been argued that variation in species composition among vegetation profiles of tropical inselbergs is mainly conditioned by habitat structure and water deficit. However, it had not been discussed how the size of patches of vegetation has an effect on richness. SADs and SAR analyzes can provide complementary explanations on community assembly in inselbergs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 937-951. Epub 2018 June 01.

Floristic composition and similarity of 15 hectares in Central Amazon, Brazil

The Amazon region is one of the most diverse areas in the world. Research on high tropical forest diversity brings up relevant contributions to understand the mechanisms that result and support such diversity. In the present study we describe the species composition and diversity of 15 one-ha plots in the Amazonian terra firme dense forest in Brazil, and compare the floristic similarity of these plots with other nine one-ha plots. The 15 plots studied were randomly selected from permanent plots at the Embrapa Experimental site, Amazonas State in 2005. The diversity was analysed by using species richness and Shannon’s index, and by applying the Sorensen’s index for similarity and unweighted pair-group average (UPGMA) as clustering method. Mantel test was performed to study whether the differences in species composition between sites could be explained by the geographic distance between them. Overall, we identified 8 771 individuals, 264 species and 51 plant families. Most of the species were concentrated in few families and few had large number of individuals. Families presenting the highest species richness were Fabaceae (Faboideae: 22spp., Mimosoideae: 22spp.), Sapotaceae: 22spp., Lecythidaceae: 15 and Lauraceae: 13. Burseraceae had the largest number of individuals with 11.8% of the total. The ten most abundant species were: Protium hebetatum (1 037 individuals), Eschweilera coriacea (471), Licania oblongifolia (310), Pouteria minima (293), Ocotea cernua (258), Scleronema micranthum (197), Eschweilera collina (176), Licania apelata (172), Naucleopsis caloneura (170) and Psidium araca (152), which represented 36.5% of all individuals. Approximately 49% of species had up to ten individuals and 13% appeared only once in all sampled plots, showing a large occurrence of rare species. Our study area is on a forest presenting a high tree species diversity with Shannon’s diversity index of 4.49. The dendrogram showed two groups of plots with low similarity between them (less than 0.25), and the closer the plots were one to another, more similar in species composition (Mantel R=0.3627, p<0.01). The 15 plots in our study area share more than 50% of their species composition and represent the group of plots that have the shortest distance between each other. Overall, our results highlight the high local and regional heterogeneity of environments in terra firme forests, and the high occurrence of rare species, which should be considered in management and conservation programs in the Amazon rainforest, in order to maintain its structure on the long run. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1927-1938. Epub 2011 December 01.

La región amazónica es una de las más diversas áreas del mundo. Los estudios sobre la gran diversidad de bosques tropicales generan contribuciones relevantes en la comprensión de los mecanismos que originan y apoyan tal diversidad. En el presente estudio se describe la composición de las especies y la diversidad de 15 parcelas de una hectárea en el bosque denso amazónico terra firme en Brasil, y compara la similitud florística de estas parcelas con otras nueve parcelas de una hectárea. Las 15 parcelas estudiadas fueron seleccionadas al azar, en el 2005, de parcelas permanentes en el sitio experimental de Embrapa, Estado de Amazonas. La diversidad fue analizada utilizando la riqueza de especies y el índice de Shannon, así como el índice de Similitud de Sorensen; y como método de agrupación se utilizó el promedio no ponderado por grupo (UPGMA). La prueba de Mantel se llevó a cabo para estudiar si las diferencias en la composición de especies entre los sitios podrían ser explicadas por la distancia geográfica entre ellos. En general, se identificaron 8 771 individuos, 264 especies y 51 familias de plantas. La mayoría de las especies se concentraron en pocas familias y pocas tenían un gran número de individuos. Las familias que presentaron la mayor riqueza de especies fueron: Fabaceae (Faboideae: 22spp, Mimosoideae: 22spp), Sapotaceae: 22spp, Lecythidaceae: 15 y Lauraceae: 13. Burseraceae tuvo el mayor número de individuos con un 11.8% del total. Las diez especies más abundantes fueron: Protium hebetatum (1 037 individuos), Eschweilera coriacea (471), Licania oblongifolia (310), Pouteria minima (293), Ocotea cernua (258), Scleronema micranthum (197), Eschweilera collina (176), Licania apelata (172), Naucleopsis caloneura (170) y Psidium araca (152), que representó un 36.5% de todos los individuos. Aproximadamente en el 49% de las especies se encontraron hasta diez individuos, mientras que el 13% de las especies apareció sólo una vez en todas las parcelas de muestreo, lo que demuestra una alta presencia de especies raras. La zona de estudio se encuentra en un bosque con alta diversidad de especies de árboles, con un índice de diversidad de Shannon de 4.49. El dendrograma mostró dos grupos de parcelas con baja similitud entre ellas (menos de 0.25), y entre más cercanas las parcelas, más similares en composición de especies fueron (Mantel R=0.3627, p<0.01). Las 15 parcelas en nuestra área de estudio compartieron más del 50% de su composición de especies y representaron el grupo de parcelas con la menor distancia entre ellas. En general, nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la alta heterogeneidad local y regional de los ambientes de los bosques de terra firme, y la gran concurrencia de especies raras, lo cual debe ser considerado en los planes de manejo y conservación de la selva amazónica, con el fin de mantener su estructura a largo plazo.

Aspectos florísticos e fitossociológicos de um trecho de Floresta Estacional Perenifólia na Fazenda Trairão, Bacia do rio das Pacas, Querência-MT / Floristic and phytosociological aspects of a Seasonal Evergreen Forest area in the Trairão Farm, rio das Pacas Basin, Querência-MT

A borda sul da região amazônica apresenta um tipo peculiar de floresta, denominada de Floresta Estacional Perenifólia, que atualmente vem sofrendo severos impactos ambientais devido à expansão da fronteira agrícola no Norte do Estado de Mato Grosso. Diante da falta de estudos neste tipo florestal, objetivou-se identificar a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica do componente arbóreo de um trecho florestal na Fazenda Trairão em Querência-MT. A amostragem da vegetação consistiu na distribuição de 200 pontos-quadrantes, sendo considerados os quatro indivíduos mais próximos de cada ponto que tivessem DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) igual ou superior a 10 cm. A densidade total foi de 728 ind./ha, distribuídos em 49 espécies, 39 gêneros e 24 famílias. A família que apresentou maior riqueza foi Fabaceae (cinco espécies), seguida por Burseraceae e Euphorbiaceae, cada uma com quatro espécies, consideradas também as mais ricas em trechos de Floresta Amazônica. As espécies de maior Valor de Importância (VI) foram Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness., Xylopia amazonica R.E. Fr., Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC., Chaetocarpus echinocarpus (Baill.) Ducke e Protium pilosissimum Engl., mas não tiveram a mesma representatividade em outros trechos de Floresta Estacional Perenifólia, evidenciando diferenças estruturais desta unidade fitogeográfica. A comunidade avaliada possui porte fino, pois a maioria dos indivíduos concentra-se nas classes de diâmetro entre 10 e 14,9 cm e altura entre 10,6 e 16,5 m. O índice de Shannon (3,17) é considerado baixo por se tratar de floresta amazônica, na qual a diversidade é superior a 4,0.

The southern border of the Amazon region presents a peculiar type of forest called Seasonal Evergreen Forest, which has currently undergone several environmental impacts due to the agriculture frontier expansion from the Northern state of Mato Grosso. Due to the lack of studies on this type of forest, the objective of this study was to identify the floristic composition and phytosociological structure of the arborous component from a forest area in the Trairão Farm, Querência - MT, Brazil. The vegetation sampling was composed of the distribution of 200 quadrant-points in which the four individuals closest to each point, with DAP (diameter to height breast) equal or superior to 10 cm were considered. The total density of the sampled area was 728 ind./ha distributed into 49 species, 39 genera and 24 families. The species presenting the highest richness was Fabaceae (five species), followed by Burseraceae and Euphorbiaceae, with four species each, and considered as the richest in some Amazon forest areas. The species of highest Importance Value (IV) were Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness., Xylopia amazonica R.E. Fr. and Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC., Chaetocarpus echinocarpus (Baill.) Ducke and Protium pilosissimum Engl., but did not present the same representativity as in other Seasonal Evergreen Forest area, evidencing structural differences within this phytogeographic unit. The majority of individuals from this community present slender size, with diameter ranging from 10 to 14.9 cm and height from 10.6 to 16.5 m. The Shannon index (3.17) may be considered as low in relation to the Amazon Forest in which the diversity is above 4.0.

Estrutura fitossociológica de um fragmento natural de floresta inundável em área de Campo Sujo, Lagoa da Confusão, Tocantins / Phytosociological structure of a natural fragment of floodplain forest in area of Campo Sujo, municipal district of Lagoa da Confusão, Tocantins, Brazil

Fragmentos de florestas inundáveis localizam-se naturalmente na Planície do Araguaia entre os estados de Tocantins e Mato Grosso nas áreas de Cerrado. Ocorrem sob a forma de depressões naturais, que no estado do Tocantins estão situados nas áreas de planícies de inundação, que favorecem seu alagamento, conseqüentemente, o maior tempo de retenção da água em épocas de elevada precipitação. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a estrutura de um fragmento de floresta inundável de aproximadamente um hectare, inserido em área de Campo Sujo, no município de Lagoa da Confusão, TO. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com circunferência 1,30m do solo (CAP) > 15 cm. Ao todo, foram encontrados 665 indivíduos, 34 famílias e 49 espécies. As espécies com maior valor de cobertura, em ordem decrescente, foram Sclerolobium paniculatum var. rubiginosum (Mart. ex Tul.) Benth., Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. e Licania apetala (E. Mey.) Fritsch. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (8), Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae e Vochysiaceae (3). O índice de diversidade de Shannon (H') foi de 2,97nats/ind. A distribuição de classes de diâmetro apresentou curva na forma de "J" invertido estando a maioria dos indivíduos nas sete primeiras classes.

Fragments of floodplain forests occur naturally in the Araguaia plain between the states of Tocantins and Mato Grosso on the ares of Cerrado. These fragments happen in form of natural depressions, which are located in areas of floodplains in the State of Tocantins, which favors its flooding and, consequently, the largest period of water retention during periods of high precipitation. The objective of this study was to characterize the structure of a fragment of floodplain forest of approximately one hectare, inserted in area of Campo Sujo, in Lagoa da Confusão, TO. Were sampled all the tree/shrub individuals with circumference at 1,30m of the soil (CAB) > 15 cm. On the whole, 665 individuals, 34 families and 49 species were found. The species with larger cover value, in descending order, were Sclerolobium paniculatum var. rubiginosum (Mart. former Tul.) Benth., Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. and Licania apetala (E. Mey.) Fritsch.. The richest families were Fabaceae (8), Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae and Vochysiaceae (3). The Shannon diversity index (H') was 2,97 nats/ind. The distribution of diameter classes showed an inverted "J" curve.