RESUMO
Acinetobacter baumannii is gram- negative opportunistic coccobacilli, the most important agent in nosocomial infections with high mortality rate. Multidrug resistance in strains isolated from nosocomial infections, making it difficult to treat and sometimes impossible. The aim of the present study was to investigate antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii isolates from Iranian patients in Hamadan, west of Iran. In this cross sectional study 100 A. baumannii isolated from trachea, blood, urine, sputum and wound samples of patients bedridden in Intensive care unit [ICU] wards of three educational hospitals during June 2011 to October 2012 was included. Isolates confirmed at species level using biochemical tests and tracing bla[OXA-51] gene using Polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and preserved frozen at -70 °C until examination. Their susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and Metallo-beta-lactamase production was carried out using E-test method. Resistance rate of isolates were 94%, 85%, 84%, 97%, 95% and 98% against meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefotaxime, respectively. No resistant isolate was observed against tigecycline and also no sensitive isolate seen against aztreonam and cefotaxime. Results of E-test illustrated that 99% of all isolates were Metallo-beta-lactamase [MbetaL] producing, which were resistance to imipenem; also 85% of them were resistance to meropenem. MIC50 and MIC90 of the isolates were >/= 256 and >/= 32 micro/ml for imipenem and meropenem, respectively. The antibiotic resistance against most of the antibiotics, especially carbapenems is very high in Hamadan region. In addition colistin sulfate and tigecycline were most effective antibiotics and to be used in A. baumannii infections
RESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide obligate intercellular parasite. Felids are its definitive host and warm-blooded animals including humans are its intermediate host. The aim of this seroepidemiological study was to investigate the frequency of human infection using ELISA method and related risk factors in Tabriz City, northwestern Iran. In this cross sectional study, 171 blood samples were collected randomly from clients referred to Alinasab Hospital diagnostic laboratory, Tabriz, Iran in 2008. Simultaneously data about risk factors such as having soil related jobs [for example: building construction workers and farm-ers], cat contact, eating raw vegetables at restaurants, the method of washing vegetables, eating undercooked game meat and the quantity of red meat consumption [undercooked] were collected by questionnaires. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG titers were determined in samples using ELISA method. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, One Way ANOVA and t-test using SPSS v.16 Software. Sixty [35.1%] out of 171 serum samples were anti-Toxoplasma IgG positive. There was statistically significant difference about seropositivity between soil related jobs and others [P=0.007, OR=2.43; 95% CI: 1.27, 4.66]. In addition there was significant relationship between seropositivity and eating vegetables at restaurants [P=0.039, OR=1.94; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.68]. No significant statistical differences were observed about seropositivity considering the other mentioned risk factors. The prevalence rate of Toxoplasma chronic infection was relatively high in the studied people. However, having soil related jobs and eating vegetables at restaurants increases the probability of acquiring the infection.